which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?10 marca 2023
Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. In Panel A, food makes a dog salivate. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? d. fixation. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partners departure and ways to save money. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. d. researching the effectiveness of the therapy. d. show unconditional positive regard for the clients statements. After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. First, Freud made most of his observations in an unsystematic, uncontrolled way, and he relied on the case study method. Respondent conditioning. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. The humanistic perspective. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. 162. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. 63. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. b. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? The cognitive model focuses on schemas, cognitive errors, attributions, and maladaptive cognitions and offers strategies such as CBT, cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. b. existential 74. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? b. dendrites. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? 89. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. The answer is yes, and one of two outcomes is possible. c. transference. Observational learning. Hypnosis was used at first and relieved her symptoms, as it had done for many patients (See Module 1). Bertha (Anna O.) Finally, does uncertainty always lead to a negative end? In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. How so? Think of it as an If-Then statement. 2.2.2.2. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. d. classical conditioning. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Freud used three primary assessment techniquesfree association, transference, and dream analysisas part ofpsychoanalysis, or psychoanalytic therapy, to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. 28. b. laissez-faire parenting style. 111. Which is an example of latent content? d. known risk and protective factors. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). All of the models include an element of the biological model. b. behavior-focused therapists. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a(n) _____ theorist. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. 107. b. social factors leading to stress. d. psychodynamic. What about other students in the class that you know? Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. 48. The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. 153. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? 78. b. psychoanalysis. Describe observational learning and modeling. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. Shonda responds by changing the subject. A cognitive-behavioral therapist would MOST likely recommend: According to the behavioral model, Dontrall acquired this perspective through the process of: a. modeling. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. 2.2.1.6. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. c. replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. d. existential, 125. c. emphasize health. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. 109. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? Our attribution in these two cases is in error, but still, it comes to affect how we see the world and our subjective well-being. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? c. double-blind studies. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. 121. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. b. hypotheses. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model B The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model. 19. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). c. neurons. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. d. client-centered therapy. 26. 130. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. c. deep brain stimulation. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. d. classical conditioning. It regulates the bodys rate of metabolism and so how energetic people are. 80. It is difficult to research this perspective. c. drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. 120. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. 152. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. Those who are not assertive are often overly passive and never get what they want or are unreasonably aggressive and only get what they want. Rogers did try to investigate his propositions scientifically, but most other humanistic-existential psychologists rejected the use of the scientific method. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. A general term used for Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's theories is: The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. a. None of the models are complete within themselves. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. 117. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. b. delusional thinking. b. brain stimulation. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. Evaluate the usefulness of the cognitive model. A perfect run will not be possible because "I'm going to screw up!" They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. b. ones values and goals. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. d. integrate new behaviors to compensate for other damaging behaviors. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. 25. b. resistance. b. family structure and communication. 58. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. b. transference. Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. 61. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. d. classical conditioning. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? Dealing with anxiety. c. maintenance. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. b. existential therapy. This is called the. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. 31. 99. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. This is called the absolute refractory period. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). 56. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. 86. d. A girl is anxious about giving a speech in front of her class. Little Albert made no response outside of curiosity (NSNR not shown). a. 94. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. I'm here for you." Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. These two components pair up as follows: Finally, four properties of operant conditioning extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are important. 150. Whenever she has to attend a party, she only speaks to people she knows well. Communication in the Nervous System. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. d. it is too narrow in certain ways. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). c. operant conditioning. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. b. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. 2.2.2.1. As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. Their self-concept becomes distorted, now seen as having worth only when these significant others approve, leading to a disharmonious state and psychopathology. b. map, or sequence, genes. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. Schemas and cognitive errors. The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. If I do X, then Y will happen. Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. 2.3.1.3. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. b. rationalization. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. d. self-help therapy. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. a. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. b. insight. 161. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. As such, he continues to steal her toys. c. humanistic-existential The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. Which type of psychodynamic therapy encourages therapists to disclose things about themselves? A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. 72. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. 37. Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. Right? Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. Continuous or partial? c. the conscious mind. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. 165. Add them up and see if making some minor, or major, adjustments to your schedule will free an hour to get in some valuable exercise. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. a. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. Hormonal imbalances. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. b. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? 151. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. 42. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. c. superego. The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. During a meeting, Shondas manager asks her to free associate about her coworkers performance. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. d. behavioral. a. a. existential b. self-actualization. b. biological. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. d. existential. Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. 164. c. superego. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. d. psychotropic treatment. d. psychodynamic. Psychosurgery. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. An example was the attention I received for saying I was Chicken Little. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. c. client-centered d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. a. behavior-focused In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. c. cognitive-behavioral a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. 62. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. 2.2.1.4. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. d. sociocultural. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. His name is Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. d. humanistic. b. resistance. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior.