archetypal criticism in othello10 marca 2023
Shakespeare's play, Othello, the Moor of Venice, is a powerful example of a tragedy and its main character, Othello, is an excellent illustration of what Aristotle constitutes as a tragic hero. What makes Othello so unique structurally (and painful to witness) is that it is a tragedy built on a comic foundation. "Othello is essentially an noble character, flawed by insecurity and a nature that is naive and unsophisticated". However, Othello's words give a deeper insight into how he still misunderstands the situation. Northrop Frye has been the most influential of those critics who have argued that archetypal patterns underlie the modes, plots and genres of literary works. With some of its advocates supported through early publication of their work in the journal Spring, feminist archetypal theory and criticism of literature and the arts emerged fullblown in three texts: Annis Pratts Archetypal Patterns in Womens Fiction (1981), which self-consciously evoked and critiqued Maud Bodkins 1934 text; Estella Lauters Women as Mythmakers: Poetry and Visual Art by Twentieth Century Women (1984); and Estella Lauter and Carol Schreier Rupprechts Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-Visions of Jungian Thought (1985). In his play, he portrays Othello like a tragic hero, a type of literary character. He is an individual of high stature who is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. The dynamic of Othellos character significantly changes throughout the play. Othello is a Moorish (African) general in the Venetian army and an eloquent storyteller who is respected, but often treated as an outsider. Othello: I greet thy love, As hells from heaven. Placing responsibility in the stars - he calls Desdemona an "ill-starred wench" - is hardly a gallant course of action. After Othello was convinced that Desdemona was cheating on him, Othello had started to show his disappointment with her. Two publishing events at the beginning of the 1990s in the United States may signal the coming of age of this kind of archetypal criticism through its convergence with postmodern critical thought, along with a commensurate insistence on its roots in the depth psychology of Jung: the reissue of Morris Philipsons 1963 Outline of a Jungian Aesthetic and the appearance of Karin Barnaby and Pellegrino DAcerinos multidisciplinary, multicultural collection of essays, C. G. Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture. To The Reader Baudelaire Analysis; Used Dudek Universal For Sale; Is Ignatius J Reilly Autistic; Spring League Football Tryouts; marxist criticism in othello act 1 . Using an archetypal literary criticism, Harry Potter can be analyzed by focusing on different archetypes, such as, symbols, images, and character types in the text. But Wheelwright, for example, barely mentions Jung (The Burning Fountain, 1954), and he, Fergusson, and others often owe more to Sigmund Freud, Ernest Jones, Oedipus Rex, and the Oedipus complex than to anything taken from Jung. No products in the cart. Othello, likewise, has tradud the state and has changed from noble and valiant Othello to a beast, with the passion that ennobled him shown as corrosive and demeaning. An example, is that they had to overcome a huge obstacle such as love because Othello and Desdemona were in love but her father did not approve of it. To you, preferring you before her father, Confirmation of this theory was Jungs reading of Faust: part 1 was psychological; part 2, visionary.. Othello demonstrates all of these characteristics in the play, proving him to be a tragic hero. Moreover, Shakespeare, by deliberately clouding the issue of Iagos motive, finds ever more sinister threats in such a characters apparently bottomless and unmerited hatred and capacity for evil. The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism. Frye, then, first misinterprets Jungian theory by insisting on a Lamarckian view of genetic transmission of archetypes, which Jung explicitly rejected, and later settles on a concept of archetype as a literary occurrence per se, an exclusively intertextual recurring phenomenon resembling a convention (99). : Feminist: Ex. "Who can control his fate?" As Hillman puts it, Corbins insight that Jungs mundus archetypalis is also the mundus imaginalis that corresponds to the Islamic alam al-mithl (3) was an early move toward a reappraisal of psychology itself as an activity of poesis (24). Othello is a complex play that deals with issues such as jealousy, gender, and race. An archetype is universal; it is generated by man's psyche regardless of time of place. Misled by the handkerchief, his love token to Desdemona, that Iago has planted in Cassios room and by a partially overheard conversation between Iago and Cassio, Othello, by the end of act 3, forsakes his wife and engages himself in a perverse version of the marriage ceremony of act 2 to Iago. He ends up killing her out of jealousy; when she does not deserve it. Van Meurs also does a service by resurrecting successful but neglected early studies, such as Elizabeth Drews of T. S. Eliot (1949), and discovering value even in reductionist and impressionistic studies, such as June Singers of Blake. The key to extremely detrimental jealousy lies within one's ability to recognize it or deny it. The scapegoat is the character that gets blamed for everything regardless if he or she was actually the one who did or not (Archetypes). This type of criticism was first experimented by Maud Bodkin, in his book Archetypal Patterns in Poetry (1934). Each literary theory will examine the text through different lenses, resulting in different interpretations. Instead, they blame him for his own ultimate ruin. (V.2.320-322) Giving up is hardly Othello's style, but this is how a noble and true man should react when he has mistakenly killed his wife. Did you find something inaccurate, misleading, abusive, or otherwise problematic in this essay example? He sees it, in itself almost irresistible, aided at every step by fortunate accidents and the innocent mistakes of its victims. In her final moments, Desdemona chooses not to blame Othello for her death because she saw that the honor of their love was more important than honesty. In Act 2, Scene 1 of Othello, Iago formulates his plan to drive Othello mad. The direction of Othello criticism will also be affected as literary criticism's longstanding commitment to cultural historicism comes under pressure from those who argue that explorations of context often come at the expense of literature's formal properties and affective registers, and as developments in the digital humanities enable fresh Evil is displayed before him, not indeed with the profusion found in King Lear, but forming, as it were, the soul of a single character, and united with an intellectual superiority so great that he watches its advance fascinated and appalled. Shakespeare shifts the action from Venice to Cyprus. In Re-Visioning Psychology, the published text of his 1972 Yale Terry Lectures (the same lecture series Jung gave in 1937), Hillman locates the archetypal neither in the physiology of the brain, the structure of language, the organization of society, nor the analysis of behavior, but in the processes of imagination (xi). Othello is now reduced to questioning his wife's maid, Emilia, looking for evidence of Desdemona's infidelity. The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single person, but is rather the consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments, misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification revealed by the characters. And concomitantly, on which of these levels was the reader affected? My life and education both do learn me This book established the priority of interest in the archetypal over the mythological. The execution of his wit, hands, heart This scene has suggested to some critics that Iagos true motivation for destroying the marriage of Desdemona and Othello is a repressed homosexual love for Othello. In this play there are only three women in the entire play. Citations That such a man should fall so far and so fast gives the play an almost unbearable momentum. The intensity and focus of Othello is unalleviated by subplots, comic relief, or any mitigation or consolation for the deterioration of the noble Moor and his collapse into murder and suicide. Archetypal criticism ensures the efforts of all these concerned faculties to analyse of a text hence archetypal criticism is of immense significance. FREE Archetype Essay Essay - Example Essays This recurring idea of an evil witch is extremely common and archetypal. Ironically, as in the feminist revisioning of explicitly male-biased Jungian theory, the rise in the 1980s of Reader-response theory and criticism and the impetus for canon revision have begun to contribute to a revaluation of Jung as a source of literary study. His expression of his jealousy quickly devolves from the conventional"Farewell the tranquil mind"to the absurd: Farewell the plum'd troops and the big wars. According to Hillman, that discourse was anticipated by Evangelos Christous Logos of the Soul (1963) and extended in religion (David L. Millers New Polytheism, 1974), philosophy (Edward Caseys Imagining: A Phenomenological Study, 1976), mythology (Rafael Lopez-Pedrazas Hermes and His Children, 1977), psycholinguistics (Paul Kuglers Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language, 1982), and the theory of analysis (Patricia Berrys Echos Subtle Body, 1982). Hillman invokes Henri Corbin (1903-78), French scholar, philosopher, and mystic known for his work on Islam, as the second father of archetypal psychology. Some of these include the downfall from high position Othello goes from being the general, to being convicted of being a murderer. And the 1980s saw a new, suggestive, and controversial direction in archetypal studies of literature: the feminist. Toril Moi, trans. Archetypal Criticism Volume I. He is a character of high stature that is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. Farewell! His works range from ingenious poems, such as Fear No More, to plays, such as The Tragedy of Othello. 1. If it were now to die However, these fields of study contributed a lot to the development of archetypal criticism through the characters of Sir James Frazer and Carl Jung. Twere now to be most happy, for I fear In Shakespeare?s play Othello, Othello himself is the tragic hero. At the center of the plays intrigue is Shakespeares most sinister and formidable conceptions of evil in Iago, whose motives and the wellspring of his villainy continue to haunt audiences and critics alike. However, the protagonist of the tragedy play only partially meets the definition of Aristotles tragic hero. He interprets literature in the light of various rituals and myths. I do perceive here a divided duty: His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. A tragic hero has many characteristics, 3 of them being that they must have an error in judgement, they must have a reversal of fortune, and they must recognize that the reversal of fortune was brought about by their own actions. So much I challenge that I may profess "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." (3.3.54) Ex. Like the base Indian, threw a pearl away O, farewell! Desdemona on her deathbed, still defends her Lords actions. Let us know! Up until Act III Scene iii Othello, "noble Moor" is in an elated position and is very aware of his importance. Abstract. Othello relies easily on Iago to believe without being thought deeply. In addition, Othello is far from being a perfect character - another quality that meets Aristotle's requirements. This causes him to lose his ability to make good judgments and decisions. 125-126). Desdemona and Othello, therefore, face the usual challenges of the lovers in a Shakespearean comedy who must contend with the forces of authority, custom, and circumstances allied against their union. After confronting Desdemona of her crimes he decides to carry out his overall plan to end his trues loves life. Frye, however, notably in Anatomy of Criticism, essentially redefined and relocated archetype on grounds that would remove him unequivocally from the ranks of Jungian critics by severing the connection between archetype and depth psychology: This emphasis on impersonal content has been developed by Jung and his school, where the communicability of archetypes is accounted for by a theory of a collective unconsciousan unnecessary hypothesis in literary criticism, so far as I can judge (m-12). The major work of Frye's to deal with archetypes is Anatomy of Criticism but his essay The Archetypes of Literature is a precursor to the book. However, for Othello this is not the case. QAFQAZ UNIVERSITY SPRING, 2013. In his "The . Othello is decisive, confident, and secure in his identity, duty, and place in the world. Commend me to my kind lord. An archetypal critic would also say that the recurring patterns in literature prove that there are universal Othello is a train wreck that the audience horrifyingly witnesses, helpless to prevent or look away. Archetypal critics are also interested in certain myths and rituals that recur in a wide variety of cultures. Come, go with me apart. Not only does she try to protect Othellos reputation by blaming herself, Desdemona tells Emilia to remind Othello about her showing that she stills respects Othello. He suffers barbs and preconceived notions, yet Othello is esteemed and wins the love of the daughter of a nobleman. Even when Desdemona was found after Othello strangles her, she still believed that her death was not the fault of Othello. Of one that loved not wisely but too well, Aristotle believed that the plot is the most important element in a play and that plot also clearly points out the problem of any characters to be solved. William Shakespeare utilized archetype frequently as a literary device in his plays. In-text citation: His final speech mixes together the acknowledgment of what he was and what he has become, who he is and how he would like to be remembered: I have done the state some service, and they knowt. ("Literary Criticism.") Reading example essays works the same way! Othello is decisive, confident, and secure in his identity, duty, and place in the world. The young Venetian noblewoman, Desdemona, has eloped with the middle-aged Othello, the military commander of the armed forces of Venice. In a mess of questions of good and evil, right and wrong, critical supporters of Iago (T.S. The Moor is eventually captured, tortured, and slain by Disdemonas relatives, while the ensign dies during torture for another crime. Shakespeare derived his plot from Giraldi Cinthios Tale of the Moor, in the story collection Hecatommithi (1565), reshaping Cinthios sensational tale of jealousy, intrigue, and murder in several key ways. Source: Groden, Michael, and Martin Kreiswirth. The Critical Analysis Of A Novel: Atonement By Ian Mcewan Atonement by Ian McEwan is a literary masterpiece and a highly critically acclaimed novel. Between William Shakespeares most expansive and philosophical tragediesHamlet and King Learis Othello, his most constricted and heart-breaking play. Here are some ways our essay examples library can help you with your assignment: Read our Academic Honor Code for more information on how to use (and how not to use) our library. As he attempts to carry out his execution of Desdemona, she for the first time realizes his charges against her and his utter delusion. In Othello, the themes such as love and jealousy reflects on the characters motivation and their values. To learn more, read our. Mythological critics compare one work to others with similar story . To date, the British Journal of Analytical Psychology and the retitled American Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture are the best resources for archetypal criticism of literature and the arts even though only a small percentage of their published articles treat such topics. If after every tempest come such calms, As Othello came to his breaking point, desdemona foreshadows her own death and he lets jealousy take over. Essays may be lightly modified for readability or to protect the anonymity of contributors, but we do not edit essay examples prior to publication. ukraine russia border live camera /; June 24, 2022 Often in our society people are labelled as, or fit into a, certain character mould and their behaviour and actions remain consistent. Earnest Cassirer, a social anthropologist was an important influence on myth criticism. Shakespeare on the other hand has portrayed women as both object and subject. As the pair kneels together, they exchange vows: Iago: Witness you ever-burning lights above, And so much duty as my mother showd Thus Jungian theory provided no clear avenue of access for those outside of psychology, and orthodox Jungians were left with little in the way of models for the psychological analysis of literature. Examples of Archetype in Shakespearean Works. archetypal criticism in othello america undercover life of crime Juni 12, 2022. used kawai upright piano . Othello, a play that was written in 1604 by William Shakespeare, is an example of a type of story called a tragedy. Throughout the course of the work, Othello proves himself to be very easily misled, despite his heroic status. Speak of me as I am. Despite his deliberately selective focus on critical works written in English on literary texts that are, for the most part, also written in English, van Meurs, with the early assistance of John Kidd, has collected 902 entries, of which he identifies slightly over 80 as valid and valuable literary criticism. To you I am bound for life and education; But Jung's theory of the archetypes of the collective unconscious differs . Iago's intelligence and wit allows him to make good sport of the protagonists of the play, sending Othello to his doom and that of his family. Act 3, one of the wonders of the stage, anatomizes Othellos psychic descent from perfect contentment in his new wife to complete loathing, from a worldview in which everything is as it appears to one in which nothing is as it seems. As the story unfolds Othellos character evolves in an extremely tragic way as Iago manipulates him and leaves him to rot in his misery. Just another site. (2023). must concern itself with the archetypal, the universal, with that which is necessarily larger, more extreme than in life. In The Tragedy of Othello, Shakespeare details the story of a celebrated military hero who falls victim to the machinations of a conniving villain who goes by the name of Iago. He has already judged and condemned her, but he is still hunting evidence, seeking to justify to himself the stand he has already taken. Iagos motivation is anything but explainable in conventional terms. He notes that Singers Unholy Bible: A Psychological Interpretation of William Blake (1970), though oversimplified in its psychobiographical approach and its treatment of characters as psychological projections of the author, does make original use in a literary context of such Jungian techniques of dream interpretation as amplification and of such fantasy-evoking procedures as active imagination.. Lon S. Roudiez, 1986); Estella Lauter and Carol Schreier Rupprecht, Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-Visions of Jungian Thought (1985); Erich Neumann, Art and the Creative Unconscious: Four Essays (trans. Tis done at your request; but let her live. While acknowledging the grave weaknesses of much Jungian writing on literature as unsubtle and rigid application of preconceived psychological notions and schemes resulting in particularly ill-judged or distorted readings, van Meurs still finds that sensitively, flexibly and cautiously used, Jungian psychological theory may stimulate illuminating literary interpretations (14-15). Iago tries to prove Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio which increases Othello's torments of jealousy. Sign up / Man but a rush against Othello's breast / And he retires."
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