trevino model of ethical decision making10 marca 2023
trevino model of ethical decision making

Awareness will more likely arise if prompted by social environment, ethical language framing the situation, or the potential for serious harm to others. Here are two examples of strategies for engaging it: First, make more of your decisions by comparing options rather than assessing each individually. (For further elaboration on the utilitarian lens, please see our essay, Calculating Consequences.). The video suggested that questioning authority is the right thing to do when that authority is destroying societal value. Using this model helps avoid unethical alternatives and unattractive consequences. If we behave unethically out of self-interest, were often unaware that were doing soa phenomenon known as motivated blindness. Some ethicists begin by asking, How will this action impact everyone affected?emphasizing the consequences of our actions. This chapter looks at a series of business ethics and social responsibility cases within the framework of stakeholders, both primary and secondary. Another way to think about corporate social responsibility (CSR) is in terms of multiple types of responsibility: economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic. Primary contributors include Manuel Velasquez, Dennis Moberg, Michael J. Meyer, Thomas Shanks, Margaret R. McLean, David DeCosse, Claire Andr, Kirk O. Hanson, Irina Raicu, and Jonathan Kwan. Trevino, & Weaver, 2000; Frey, 2000; Singhapakdi et al., 1996) as significant predictors of Academy of Management Review 16(2): 366395, Jones S. K., Hiltebeitel K. M. (1995) Organizational Influence in the Moral Decision Process of Accountants. She has an absolute advantage on technical issues, but her comparative advantage is in dealing with external constituencies, and more value will be created when she focuses her attention there. As readers of Kahnemans book Thinking, Fast and Slow know, we have two very different modes of decision-making. The authors offer eight steps to integrate these three types of analysis: (1) Gather the Facts, (2) Define the Ethical Issues, (3) Identify the Affected Parties, (4) Identify the Consequences, (5) Identify the Obligations, (6) Consider Your Character and Integrity, (7) Think Creatively about Potential Actions, and (8) Check Your Gut. It recognizes that decisions about "right" and "wrong" can be difficult, and may be related to individual context. Roselie McDevitt Sc.D. The Guidelines have encouraged the use of ethics programs, corporate ethics offices, compliance officers, and even ethics committees staffed by senior-level managers. Ethical decision-making (EDM) descriptive theoretical models often conflict with each other and typically lack comprehensiveness. 58 Volume I, No. The easiest trade-offs to analyze involve our own decisions. These virtues are dispositions and habits that enable us to act according to the highest potential of our character and on behalf of values like truth and beauty. Individuals are socialized into an organizations culture, but they may also internalize values that accord with their own beliefs, making for a very smooth transition. This paper reviews the major theories, studies and models concerning ethical decision making in organizations. 2. The expectation, from the ethos of medicine and society, is that a practitioner should make the correct ethical decision in the clinical setting. Figure 10.1 Interactions model of ethical decision-making in organisations Source: Trevino, 1986. 4a - Utilitarianism; 4b - Standard implicit - An action is morally right if . What about a pregnant womanshould she count as two people? Organizations in a global business environment, or those considering doing business in a foreign country, may need to develop a transcultural corporate ethic, the result of intergovernmental agreements reached in the last half-century, promulgating guidelines based on four principles: The result can be a suboptimal allocation of resources and less value creation. This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share Primary stakeholders are those groups or individuals with whom the organization has a formal, contractual relationship (customers, employees, shareholders, owners, suppliers, and perhaps the government). Creating value requires that managers confront and overcome the cognitive barriers that prevent them from being as ethical as they would like to be. The authors suggest three reasons that corporations should care about social responsibility: One reason that intuition and emotions tend to dominate decision-making is that we typically think about our options one at a time. 1. (The Justice Lens), Which option will produce the most good and do the least harm for as many stakeholders as possible? As a leader, think about how you can influence your colleagues with the norms you set and the decision-making environment you create. Contact your companys ethics officer or ombudsman. issues because of ideological reasons or because methodological problems are considered difficult to surmount. Ethics is also concerned with our character. Time is a scarce resource, and squandering ityour own or othersonly compromises value creation. Nevertheless, utilitarian values can be usefully applied in considering what sort of regulation could help create the greatest benefit for all. This often involves analyzing multiple solutions at once to choose the one that . We tend to spend too little time on the latter task. The ethical concern in this situation is the clinician's defense of the patient's diagnosis. The centrality of the ethical conflict in the accepted notion of "ethical problem" has diverted the attention of moral decision . Leaders can develop new, profitable products and make the world a better place through effective nudging. Part 3. An ethical decision is one that stems from some underlying system of ethics or a . 11: Managing for Ethics and Social Responsibility in a Global Business Environment Journal of Business Ethics Individuals have a comparative advantage when they can perform a task at a lower opportunity cost than others can. (For further elaboration on the common good lens, please see our essay, The Common Good.), A very ancient approach to ethics argues that ethical actions ought to be consistent with certain ideal virtues that provide for the full development of our humanity. Automobile manufacturers need to reckon with such difficult questions in advance and program their cars to respond accordingly. 7 Steps of Ethical Decision Making. Each type builds on and goes beyond the prior type of responsibility, much like a pyramid, which the authors flesh out with examples. Following the process guides decision-makers through problems to reach a workable solution. Identify the obligations (principles, rights, justice) 7. Sentencing Guidelines, which have trended toward increasing fines for both individuals and organizations convicted of felony crimes. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. 1982. Proposes an interactionist model of ethical decision making in organizations that combines individual variables (moral development, ego strength, field dependence, and locus of control) with situational variables (the immediate job context, organizational culture, and characteristics of the work) to explain and predict the ethical decision-making behavior of individuals in organizations. The model, illustrated through an HR case example, serves as a . Essay by ammons123 , University, Master's , A , November 2014. download word file, 3 pages 0.0. Reynolds, S. J., & Ceranic, T. 2005. At that gathering the I Just Cant Say No club was born. Take Time to Define the . The ethical decision-making process consists of (1) ethical awareness, (2) ethical judgment, and (3) ethical action. Hall, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, pp. They then show how intelligent systems design can encourage managers and employees to follow their predispositions for cooperation and uprightness. A structured six-step framework may assist. The decision maker assumes the role of a generalized member of society, and reasoning relies on a conception of the social system as a consistent set of codes and procedures that apply equally to all members of society. Reynolds, S. J. A true ethical dilemma puts two or more right values in conflict. Journal of Marketing Research 30(1): 7890, Janis I. L., Mann L. (1977) Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict Choice and Commitment. Chapter 4: Addressing Individuals Common Ethical Problems Journal of Applied Psychology 75(4): 378385, Vitell S., Festervand T. (1987) Business Ethics: Conflicts, Practices and Beliefs of Industrial Executives. 2. - Step 6: Implement the decision. People issues: the ethical problems that occur when people work together. Correspondence to These nudges not only reduce fraud and make the insurance business more efficient but also allow Slice to benefit by helping people to be ethical. Conversely, using it wisely to increase collective value or utility is the very definition of ethical action. These include social justice (structuring the basic institutions of society), distributive justice (distributing benefits and burdens), corrective justice (repairing past injustices), retributive justice (determining how to appropriately punish wrongdoers), and restorative or transformational justice (restoring relationships or transforming social structures as an alternative to criminal punishment). A major component of the model is based on Kohlberg's cognitive moral development model which provides the construct definition . The field of decision analysis argues that we need to know how much of one attribute will be traded for how much of the other to make wise decisions. For example, they are more likely to hire men for mathematical tasks. Suspecting that women were being asked more often than men to perform tasks like these, Linda asked four of her female colleagues to meet with her to discuss her theory. Consider your character and integrity 8. empirical studies is based on the Rest model of ethical decision. Leaders can do far more than just make their own behavior more ethical. To make more-ethical decisions, compare options rather than evaluate them singly; disregard how decisions would affect you personally; make trade-offs that create more value for all parties in negotiations; and allocate time wisely. This article (a) proposes an issue-contingent model containing a new set of variables called moral intensity; (b) using concepts, theory, and evidence derived largely from social psychology, argues that moral intensity influences every . Social equity: pay scales are expected to ensure equity of genders, races, and ethnicities. Yet we all crave direction from our leaders. Social responsibility is as integral as economic performance. People tend to fulfill assigned roles, which may reduce awareness of personal responsibility through deindividuation. Ethical decision-making is normative in nature, and ethical decisions are not solely driven by the goal of profit maximization. A better understanding of the process will help managers develop policies that enhance the likelihood of ethical behavior in their organizations. If I told someone I respect (or a public audience) which option I have chosen, what would they say? We probably also have an image of what an ethical . Trevio and Nelson present a fresh look at management as an exercise in shaping human behavior. Options include a professional association, regulatory community, religious group, your family or the broader publicbut not your work group or organization (unless in a highly ethical context). They are more likely, for instance, to save more lives with scarce resources (say, medical supplies), because they allocate them in less self-interested ways. These female professors met socially, published research, and helped one another think more carefully about where their time would create the most value. Trying to create more value requires that we confront our cognitive limitations. My coverage of ethics topics in this course follows the framework of ethical decision-making set out in Trevio and Nelson (2005) ( Figure 1 ). This review spotlights research related to ethical and unethical behavior in organizations and discusses recent advances in the field, proceeding from a more macro to a more micro view on (un)ethical behavior and covering ethical infrastructures, interpersonal influences, individual differences, and cognitive and affective processes. (1991) Research Note: Selected Factors Influencing Marketers Deontological Norms. The ethical decision-making process. The mediating influence of outcome expectancies was also hypothesized. There are still problems to be solved, however. Sustainability has at times been used to indicate harmony among these dimensions, and at times it has been associated more with environmental impact. He was looking for ways to get policyholders to be more honest in the claims process, and we worked together to develop some nudges. 1. Based on Kidder's checklist and the discussion above, Table 2 proposes a revised model for sequencing the ethical decision making process, identify- ing morally relevant issues, clarifying values, seeking ethical alternatives, and making and justifying ethical decisions in media ethics cases. As technology creates amazing ways to improve our lives, our environmental footprint becomes a bigger concern. The chapter concludes with an example of how to globalize an ethics program, drawn from United Technologies Corporation. Generally, the authors advocate thinking of ethics in concrete behavioral terms: what kind of behavior are you looking for in your subordinates, and how can you support that behavior? Seven Steps to Ethical Decision Making. How did my decision turn out, and what have I learned from this specific situation? You counterpropose your favorite pizza joint. But when we compare multiple options, our decisions are more carefully considered and less biased, and they create more value. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, Sheidahl T. K. (1986) Ethical Dilemmas in Managerial Accounting. A Framework for Ethical Decision Making. However, roles can also support ethical behavior (e.g. Within the ethics infrastructure, good communication is essential for a strong, aligned culture. It is influenced by the characteristics of individuals (e.g., personal differences, cognitive biases) and by the characteristics of organizations (e.g., group pressures, culture). As a decision-maker, to help you understand when to use some common decision-making models, examine the definitions and steps below: 1. With help of students and managers, the material was tested in universities and corporations. System 1 is our intuitive system, which is fast, automatic, effortless, and emotional. College of Business: Ethical Decision-Making Models" (1996). The process described in the model is drawn from Janis and Mann's [1977, Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict Choice and Commitment (The Free Press, New York)] work describing the decision process in an . 3. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. This review spotlights research related to ethical and . Go outside of the company. What (if any) follow-up actions should I take. Trevino, L. K. 1986. For example, the ethical corporate action, then, is the one that produces the greatest good and does the least harm for all who are affectedcustomers, employees, shareholders, the community, and the environment. Moving beyond a set of simple ethical rules (Dont lie, Dont cheat), this perspectiverooted in the work of the philosophers Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Peter Singerprovides the clarity needed to make a wide variety of important managerial decisions. The authors believe that ethical behavior is closely intertwined with employee engagement and present a framework of three groups along an engagement continuum: There are four drivers of engagement: (1) line of sight (understanding the companys values, operations and strategic direction), (2) involvement, (3) information sharing, and (4) rewards and recognition. Socially responsible business is good business because of (1) the benefit of a good reputation, (2) rewards from socially responsible investors, (3) the cost of illegal conduct, (4) the cost of government regulation, (5) the positive effects of social responsibility on firm performance, and (6) the fact that social responsibility is right in itself. Human Relations 56(1): 537, Trevino L. K., Youngblood S. A. In academics, there is a growing effort to promote open science (Nosek et al., Reference Nosek, Alter, Banks, Borsboom . The second problem is that the different lenses may lead to different answers to the question What is ethical? Nonetheless, each one gives us important insights in the process of deciding what is ethical in a particular circumstance. Secondary stakeholders are other individuals or groups to whom the organization has obligations. Chapter 3: Deciding Whats Right: A Psychological Approach (1999) The New Corporate Cultures. Existing theoretical models of individual ethical decision making in organizations place little or no emphasis on characteristics of the ethical issue itself. References. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, Brady E. N., Wheeler G. E. (1996) An Empirical Study of Ethical Predispositions. This ethical decision-making model proposes that individuals move through four steps to resolve an ethical dilemma. The authors apply many of the concepts of Chapters 4 and 8 on a larger scale, describing real-world examples of ethical quandaries involving conflicts of interest, product safety, advertising, employee safety, employee downsizings, duties to shareholders and other owners, and obligations to the community writ large.

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