Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. B. K. (1994). Identification. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Acholi of Uganda. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. M.A. Social Control. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. Stream and swamp fishing are important. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). Orientation The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century 23 Feb. 2023 . This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages Orientation second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. southern parts of the country. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Even in this . majority peasant population. [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. and tributes paid to them. The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . "Land Tenure in Acholi." Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. "Acholi Localized patrilineal lineages, some of which have "brother" lineages of the same or different name in other parts of Acholi, have long been the fundamental social and economic units in Acholi. their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. comparably flat. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. Inheritance. All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. London: James Currey. Industrial Arts. (1991). Encyclopedia.com. All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century." neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . Identification. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. The Acholi region and language 51. colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting NRA in 1986. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. Orientation Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. 30. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the Socialization. portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. Okot p'Bitek (1971). In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, Hunting tracts are owned by clans. with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. . In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. before. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. Domestic Unit. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not (1972). The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the 20- However, this number is most likely considerably . Due to its central location and the close Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. Much of that hierarchy continued morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organisation.' A rebellion As droughts and The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. In . With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Politics has been around for millennia. These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. interpolity interactions at the county level. "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." ." Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural Social Organization. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. As some of these languages show some form friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. Updates? Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Identification. 2.4. ." The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. L. No. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . against the central government. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany Corrections? This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. Rwot, 'ruler'). In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. When conflict did Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. find its conclusion until the 19th century. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling Langlands, B. W. (1971). 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b Okeny, Kenneth (1982). for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. The Acholi resisted the establishment of the Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths.
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