which software was the first available for microcomputers quizlet10 marca 2023
Ed de Castro, its main designer and co-founder of Data General, had earlier led the team that created the DEC PDP-8. These are the two categories people usually use to describe tutorial software functions. Its Williams-Kilburn tube memory system was later adopted by several other early computer systems around the world. Among the lecturers were early computer designers like John von Neumann, Howard Aiken, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, as well as mathematicians including Derrick Lehmer, George Stibitz, and Douglas Hartree. The Moore School Building at the University of Pennsylvania. After the war, Herzstarks Curta made history as the smallest all-mechanical, four-function calculator ever built. It was sold exclusively in Japan, but could process alphabetic and Japanese kana characters. Based on the Touchstone Delta computer Intel had built at Caltech, the Paragon is a parallel supercomputer that uses 2,048 (later increased to more than four thousand) Intel i860 processors. The definition of a computer remained the same until the end of the 19th century, when the industrial revolution gave rise to mechanical machines whose primary purpose was . a. Mac OS b. DOS (Disk Operating System) c. desktop operating system d. Linux 0 points QUESTION 2 1. Commodore even used Star Trek television star William Shatner in advertisements. It was transferred to the Department of Physics at the University of Melbourne in 1955 and remained in service until 1964. It was built in Washington DC as a test-bed for evaluating components and systems as well as for setting computer standards. Answer: . Ross contended that a Flexowriter -- an electrically-controlled typewriter -- connected to an MIT computer could function as a keyboard input device due to its low cost and flexibility. Wang sold the 2200 primarily through Value Added Resellers, who added special software to solve specific customer problems. The TRS-80 was priced at $599.95, included a Z80 microprocessor, video display, 4 KB of memory, a built-in BASIC programming language interpreter, cassette storage, and easy-to-understand manuals that assumed no prior knowledge on the part of the user. H. Edward Roberts, the Florida-born former U.S. Air Force officer who headed MITS, decided to design a small, affordable computer around the Intel 8080. Apples inspiration for the Lisa and Macintosh computers came from the Xerox Alto. It was also one of the first computers to use all-diode logic, a technology more reliable than vacuum tubes. With the success of the clone, Compaq recorded first-year sales of $111 million, the most ever by an American business in a single year. . . Performing far better than the company projections of 3,000 units for the first year, in the first month after its release Tandy Radio Shacks first desktop computer the TRS-80 sells 10,000 units. Each credit card-sized Arduino board consisted of an inexpensive microcontroller and signal connectors which made Arduinos ideal for use in any application connecting to or monitoring the outside world. News of the groundbreaking electronic ENIAC computer that same year inspired the group to change course and attempt a digital solution, whereby flight variables could be rapidly programmed in software. Conceived by Harvard physics professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark 1 is a room-sized, relay-based calculator. Only about thirty NEACs were sold. The US Army asked Bell Laboratories to design a machine to assist in testing its M-9 gun director, a type of analog computer that aims large guns to their targets. Hungarian-born von Neumann demonstrated prodigious expertise in hydrodynamics, ballistics, meteorology, game theory, statistics, and the use of mechanical devices for computation. The keyboard was comprised of three roughly triangular interlocking pieces, which formed a full-sized keyboard when the laptop was opened -- resulting in a keyboard significantly wider than the case. workstations. By the mid-1960s, nearly half of all computers in the world were IBM 1401s. With a peak speed of over a petaflop (one thousand trillion calculations per second), the Tianhe 1 (translation: Milky Way 1) is developed by the Chinese National University of Defense Technology using Intel Xeon processors combined with AMD graphic processing units (GPUs). Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. The machines were used by the Chinese Academy of Sciences to run massive solar energy simulations, as well as some of the most complex molecular studies ever undertaken. The upgraded and faster Tianhe-1A used Intel Xeon CPUs as well, but switched to nVidia's Tesla GPUs and added more than 2,000 Fei-Tang (SPARC-based) processors. Paragon systems were used in many scientific areas, including atmospheric and oceanic flow studies, and energy research. Oddly, the company doesn't use the term in its marketing, preferring instead to refer to the microcomputer (which it calls a "Micom") that implements the fuzzy logic. After retiring their initial Visor series of PDAs, Handspring introduced the Treo line of smartphones, designed with built-in keyboards, cameras, and the Palm operating system. HP Netserver LM, one of the first to use Intel's Pentium. Running on dual IBM 7090 mainframe computer systems, SABRE was inspired by IBMs earlier work on the SAGE air-defense system. It was originally created for a nuclear missile design project in 1949 by a team led by Fred Steele. After the war, he concentrated on the development of Princetons Institute for Advanced Studies computer. Commodores Amiga 1000 is announced with a major event at New York's Lincoln Center featuring celebrities like Andy Warhol and Debbie Harry of the musical group Blondie. The touchscreen enabled smartphone also had built-in GPS navigation, high-definition camera, texting, calendar, voice dictation, and weather reports. Which of the following is not a quality to look for in well-developed tutorial software? Find and create gamified quizzes, lessons, presentations, and flashcards for students, employees, and everyone else. This free, public set of lectures inspired the EDSAC, BINAC, and, later, IAS machine clones like the AVIDAC. Quiz 1. Select the power connector that is specified by the ATX Version 2.2 standard, which allows more power to the motherboard for PCI Express (PCIe) devices. Which software was the first available for microcomputers? He is the creator of the first consumer flight simulator software. C. The micro has to have a real . Airline reservation agents working with SABRE. A large amount of software was created for the BBC Micro, including educational, productivity, and game programs. Which of the following has research shown to be a benefit of online learning? Windows NT was a version of Windows that included a graphical interface on top of a DOS kernel. Its price was $2,500. A. During three years of production, IBM sells 19 701s to research laboratories, aircraft companies, and the federal government. Named in honor of the space shuttle which broke-up on re-entry, the Columbia supercomputer is an important part of NASA's return to manned spaceflight after the 2003 disaster. "We are trying to build a machine to do all kinds of different things simply by programming rather than by the addition of extra apparatus," Turing said at a symposium on large-scale digital calculating machinery in 1947 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The chip quickly became popular with designers of early personal computers like the Apple II and Commodore PET, as well as game consoles like the Nintendo Entertainment System. For research, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) supplied the components, and 50 original LINCs were made. The success of the Portable inspired many other early IBM-compatible computers. Colossus reduced the time to break Lorenz messages from weeks to hours. Apple introduces the Macintosh with a television commercial during the 1984 Super Bowl, which plays on the theme of totalitarianism in George Orwells book 1984. FoxBase is a database management system and programming language developed by Fox Software in the mid-1980s. OPENSTEP was used as one of the foundations for the new Mac OS operating system soon after NeXT was acquired by Apple in 1996. Many innovative programs were created for Johnniac, including the time-sharing system JOSS that allowed many users to simultaneously access the machine. This was the first program in history to run on a digital, electronic, stored-program computer. [3] IBM SSEC, became operational in January 1948 but was electromechanical [22] The 6600 retained the distinction of being the fastest computer in the world until surpassed by its successor, the CDC 7600, in 1968. refers to symbols that represent fast objects and ideas. Of the following challenges, which one has not been identified as a challenge for students engaged in blended learning? In 1973, after selling only 40 machines, Kenbak Corporation closed its doors. Graduation rates are lower in online schools. That's not as trivial. In 1940, Stibitz demonstrated the CNC at an American Mathematical Society conference held at Dartmouth College. The Mark-8 Do-It-Yourself kit is designed by graduate student John Titus and uses the Intel 8008 microprocessor. Designed by Sunnyvale, California native Steve Wozniak, and marketed by his friend Steve Jobs, the Apple-1 is a single-board computer for hobbyists. True False It was eventually housed at NASAs Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. Which instructional software function would probably be the most appropriate choice for allowing students to discover rules for genetics? Operational by 1964, it was not the first computerized reservation system, but it was well publicized and became very influential. Compaq's success launched a market for IBM-compatible computers that by 1996 had achieved an 83-percent share of the personal computer market. A total of ten Colossi were delivered, each using as many as 2,500 vacuum tubes. Its large scope intrigued early hackers at MIT, who wrote the first computerized video game, SpaceWar!, as well as programs to play music. Completed in 1951, Whirlwind remains one of the most important computer projects in the history of computing. The PROMs What made the Sacramento State computer both so unique--and so expensive--was the programmable read-only memory on its motherboard. Customers got a machine with a 233-MHz G3 processor, 4GB hard drive, 32MB of RAM, a CD-ROM drive, and a 15" monitor. So in 1971, Starkweather transferred to Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), away from corporate oversight. Featuring the first graphical user interface (GUI) for IBM -compatible PCs, the Windows OS soon dominated the PC market. 40,000 were sold, including 10 to NASA for use on the Apollo space project. It was named after John von Neumann, a world famous mathematician and computer pioneer of the day. Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the ASR-33 was a popular and inexpensive choice of input and output device for minicomputers and many of the first generation of microcomputers. It used 53 vacuum tubes and hundreds of germanium diodes, with a magnetic drum for memory. One of Britain's leading computer companies, Acorn continued the Archimedes line, which grew to nearly twenty different models, into the 1990s. [2] Initially designed for internal use by HP employees, co-founder Bill Hewlett issues a challenge to his engineers in 1971: fit all of the features of their desktop scientific calculator into a package small enough for his shirt pocket. While Apple sued to remove the Laser 128 from the market, they were unsuccessful and the Laser remained one of the very few Apple clones for sale. Marketed as a fast, extremely accurate electronic slide rule with a solid-state memory similar to that of a computer, the HP-35 distinguished itself from its competitors by its ability to perform a broad variety of logarithmic and trigonometric functions, to store more intermediate solutions for later use, and to accept and display entries in a form similar to standard scientific notation. In 1984, Michael Dell creates PC's Limited while still a student of the University of Texas at Austin. It presents an approach to the technology and the implementation prOblem, documented with information about specific transit applica-tions. What software was the first available for microcomputers? More than one hundred Paragons were installed over the lifetime of the system, each costing as much as five million dollars. The Altair 8800, produced by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) and invented by Ed Roberts, was originally sold as a kit. What software is useful to illustrate a numerical concept such as the difference between electoral votes and popular votes? The Pentium introduced several advances that made programs run faster such as the ability to execute several instructions at the same time and support for graphics and music. What set the 486 apart was its optimized instruction set, with an on-chip unified instruction and data cache and an optional on-chip floating-point unit. The banking industry rushed to adopt the machine, built to run during repair or expansion. That means if you want to get started collecting microcomputers, knowing which system to go for first can be overwhelming. An offshoot of the POWER XCell8i chip was used as the main processor in the Sony PlayStation 3 game console. It performed 2 million instructions per second, but other RISC-based computers worked significantly faster. At its introduction, it was listed as the second fastest supercomputer in the world and this single system increased NASA's supercomputing capacity 10-fold. This is a list of early microcomputers sold to hobbyists and developers. Subject. Gates and Allen started Microsoftoriginally called Micro-Soft, for microprocessors and. The PC Jr. is marketed as a home computer but is too expensive and limited in performance to compete with many of the other machines in that market. This printing programmable calculator was made from discrete transistors and an acoustic delay-line memory. Assessment instruments may have lower reliability and validity when used with non-native English speakers. the _____ screen is the first screen displayed. All three PowerBooks introduced featured a built-in trackball, internal floppy drive, and palm rests, which would eventually become typical of 1990s laptop design. Shortly after delivery of the Atari VCS game console, Atari designs two microcomputers with game capabilities: the Model 400 and Model 800. The system was IBM's response to losing control of the PC market with the rise of widespread copying of the original IBM PC design by clone makers. The ABC was at the center of a patent dispute related to the invention of the computer, which was resolved in 1973 when it was shown that ENIAC co-designer John Mauchly had seen the ABC shortly after it became functional. The display also used In Plane Switching (IPS) technology, which allowed for a wider viewing angle and improved color accuracy. The 2116A also marked HP's first use of integrated circuits in a commercial product. What can be accomplished by using the Quality Matters standards and the Rubric for Assessing Interactive Quality? True The term DBMS is used in reference to spreadsheet software. The NeXT had three Motorola microprocessors and 8 MB of RAM. The VAIO line of computers would be best known for laptops were designed with communications and audio-video capabilities at the forefront, including innovative designs that incorporated TV and radio tuners, web cameras, and handwriting recognition. One of the first commercially produced computers, the companys first customer was the US Navy. The machine was expandable, with ports for cassette storage, serial interface and rudimentary networking. The Pentium is the fifth generation of the x86 line of microprocessors from Intel, the basis for the IBM PC and its clones. VTech, founded in Hong Kong, had been a manufacturer of Pong-like games and educational toys when they introduce the Laser 128 computer. The PC era ended Wangs success, and it filed for bankruptcy in 1992. The design packed 800 vacuum tubes into a relatively compact 12 square feet. In 1979, Truong sold R2E to Bull. MOS 6502 ad from IEEE Computer, Sept. 1975. What productivity activity does infographic software best support? The Nest Learning Thermostat is an early product made for the emerging Internet of Things, which envisages a world in which common everyday devices have network connectivity and can exchange information or be controlled. The basic computer cost $28,500. Kilburn (left) and Williams in front of 'Baby'. The 2116A is HPs first computer. The micro should be an extremely low power device even if this raises the cost of the project. microcomputer: A microcomputer is a complete computer on a smaller scale and is generally a synonym for the more common term, personal computer or PC , a computer designed for an individual. IBMs 7000 series of mainframe computers are the companys first to use transistors. True/False False Mac OS X (now macOS) runs the same kernel used in its predecessor, Mac OS 9. Acorn spun off ARM as its own company to license microprocessor designs, which in turn has transformed mobile computing with ARMs low power, high-performance processors and systems-on-chip (SoC). Produce results (output) 4. The handbook is complemented by two companion documents: Microcomputers in Transit: A Software Handbook, and Microcomputers in The RISC PC was used widely in UK broadcast television and in music production. Joe Thompson at Whirlwind console, ca. Computer-enhanced image of IBMs Roadrunner. Part of the speed came from the computers design, which used 10 small computers, known as peripheral processing units, to offload the workload from the central processor. Scelbi aimed the 8H, available both in kit form and fully assembled, at scientific, electronic, and biological applications. IBM establishes the 650 as its first mass-produced computer, with the company selling 450 in just one year. It was one of the first commercially available relational database management systems for microcomputers. Many companies have attempted to release electronic reading systems dating back to the early 1990s. What is the best statement about your choice of a microcontroller for the project? Dollars. It used two different microprocessors: an IBM POWER XCell L8i and AMD Opteron. A (n) _____ is a computer that controls access to the hardware and software on a network and provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information. The Paragon at Caltech was named the fastest supercomputer in the world in 1992. Manipulate the data according to specific rules (process) 3. The DN100 is based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor, high-resolution display and built-in networking - the three basic features of all workstations. FoxBase was originally released for the Apple II in 1984, followed by versions for the Commodore 64, IBM PC, and Atari ST. A version for the Macintosh was also released in 1985. Compaq licensed the MS-DOS operating system from Microsoft and legally reverse-engineered IBMs BIOS software. The LINC was later commercialized by DEC and sold as the LINC-8. Columbia was used in space vehicle analysis, including studying the Columbia disaster, but also in astrophysics, weather and ocean modeling. The MOS 6502 was introduced at a conference in San Francisco at a cost of $25, far less than comparable processors from Intel and Motorola, leading some attendees to believe that the company was perpetrating a hoax. Chuck Peddle leads a small team of former Motorola employees to build a low-cost microprocessor. Five times faster than its predecessor, the 8008, the Intel 8080 could address four times as many bytes for a total of 64 kilobytes. Description. Lisa itself, and especially its GUI, were inspired by earlier work at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. The AGC was one of the earliest uses of integrated circuits, and used core memory, as well as read-only magnetic rope memory. Demand called for more than 12,000 of the 1401 computers, and the machines success made a strong case for using general-purpose computers rather than specialized systems. Level. Cameras would become a significant part of most phones within a year, and several countries have even passed laws regulating their use. Acorn's ARM RISC microprocessor is first used in the company's Archimedes computer system. Which of the following is not a benefit offered by simulations? It would serve as the model for several other significant multi-processor systems that would be among the fastest in the world. T/F False Storage on a mobile device is usually an SSD (Solid-state drive). Typical applications included US national defense work, including the design and simulation of nuclear weapons, and weather forecasting. DEC is founded initially to make electronic modules for test, measurement, prototyping and control markets. An inspiring summer school on computing at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School of Electrical Engineering stimulates construction of stored-program computers at universities and research institutions in the US, France, the UK, and Germany. For its January issue, hobbyist magazine Popular Electronics runs a cover story of a new computer kit the Altair 8800. The first microcomputer was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. Constructed at MITs Lincoln Laboratory, the TX-0 moved to the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics, where it hosted some early imaginative tests of programming, including writing a Western movie shown on television, 3-D tic-tac-toe, and a maze in which a mouse found martinis and became increasingly inebriated. More than 50 PDP-1s were sold. A cassette tape interface provided supplementary storage for text. The 400 served primarily as a game console, while the 800 was more of a home computer. It was developed as a versatile instrument controller for HP's growing family of programmable test and measurement products. Instead of designing a custom controller, two young engineers from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) -- Gordon Bell and Edson de Castro -- do something unusual: they develop a small, general purpose computer and program it to do the job. An early transistorized computer, the NEAC (Nippon Electric Automatic Computer) includes a CPU, console, paper tape reader and punch, printer and magnetic tape units. When Xerox PARC loaned the Stanford Engineering Department an entire Alto Ethernet network with laser printer, graduate student Andy Bechtolsheim re-designed it into a prototype that he then attached to Stanfords computer network. Cuthbert Hurd (standing) and Thomas Watson, Sr. at IBM 701 console. The Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) project, led by IBM engineer Wallace Eckert, uses both relays and vacuum tubes to process scientific data at the rate of 50 14 x 14 digit multiplications per second. This type of computer is useful in performing many of the mathematical equations scientists and engineers encounter in their work. Steve Jobs, forced out of Apple in 1985, founds a new company NeXT. The word "computer" was first used in 1613 in the book The Yong Mans Gleanings by Richard Braithwaite and originally described a human who performed calculations or computations.
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