pecten gibbus biological evolution10 marca 2023
S1 Fig. and About The Biological Bulletin; Editorial Board; Contact the editorial office; Abstracting and indexing; Advertise in The Biological Bulletin; . During the recording sessions, there was no seawater exchange in the tanks in order to avoid additional noise. PHILIP, GRAEME M. Valve movement recorded by accelerometry. PLEASE ANSWER THE FOLLOWING ASAP! Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. The right, or lower, valve is convex and slightly overlaps the flat left, or upper, valve, which is flat. It is split into Quaternary Period, Pecten gibbus, and Tertiary Period, Calyptraphorus velatus. Is described as a comb describe any known or theorized behavioral characteristics 1. These results were given by both accelerometer and acoustic data. . Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Farris Bryant Building Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants and other organisms from the past. The anonymous reviewers are acknowledged for their helpful suggestions and comments on this manuscript. Polydora websteri also forms mud blisters in the bay scallop, Pecten irradians (Turner and Hanks, 1959). Turgeon, D. D., W. G. Lyons, P. Mikkelsen, G. Rosenberg, and F. Moretzsohn. How big is a Pecten Gibbus? Pecten maximus is largely an Atlantic species whilst Pecten jacobaeus is almost completely confined to Mediterranean waters despite slight overlap of distributions in the western Mediterranean. Argopecten gibbus Name Synonyms Aequipecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) Argopecten imitatoides Macsotay & Campos, 2001 Chlamys gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) Chlamys liocymatus (Dall, 1925) Ostrea gibba Linnaeus, 1758 Ostrea turgida Gmelin, 1791 Pecten dislocatus Say, 1822 Pecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) Pecten liocymatus Dall, 1925 Philippi, R. A. Acad. KLAPPER, GILBERT doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160935, Editor: Hans G. Dam, University of Connecticut, UNITED STATES, Received: April 12, 2016; Accepted: July 27, 2016; Published: August 10, 2016. Finally, accelerometer data showed that exposure to A. minutum caused changes in the opening amplitude of expulsion compare to exposure of H. triquetra at 500 000 cells L1 (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.03, Fig 4A4). Trials were performed separately for each individual. Signals from the scallops could be separated in four groups according to their general shape, sound intensity and duration. Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary in California, Underwater studies on the Tasmanian commercial scallop, Notovola meridionalis (Tate) (Lamellibranchiata: Pectinidae), Mollusks of the tropical eastern Pacific, particularly from the southern half of the Panamic-Pacific faunal province (Panama to Peru), The geology and stratigraphy of south Florida, Some Neogene Mollusca from Florida and the Carolinas, A review of late Cenozoic stratigraphy of southern Florida, Late Cenozoic stratigraphy of southern Floridaa reappraisal : Miami Geol. Comparison of Pecten maximus movements (expulsion, displacement, closure, and swimming) obtained with A) passive acoustics and B) accelerometry. This is an unexpected feature for a bivalve representative of a Molluscan class otherwise noted for the reduction of sense organs and cerebral nervous system. 1.) The specificity of these valve movements and sound responses to harmful algal blooms remains to be assessed, but this study clearly highlights the potential for passive acoustics, especially expulsion, as a potential tool for monitoring the presence of A. minutum in the natural environment. The sanitary threshold defined by the French harmful algal monitoring network REPHY developed by IFREMER is 10 000 cells L-1. Unoccupied shells and shell grit may be collected in other habitat protection and general use zones for non-commercial purposes. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Skrifter, Naturvidensk. Has unequal wings 3. 1936: Pecten (Chlamys) gibbus Mansfield p. 189: 1943: Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus Gardner p. 31: 1958: Chlamys (Plagioctenium) gibbus DuBar p. 159: 1969: Aequipecten gibbus Richards et al. IV, Veneracea, p. 151184 (1926); 142-E, Pt. PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. Total loading time: 0 The acceleration data were processed using the FullDBA and BeFeatures packages within BEnergetix in the free R software [25]. Este gnero es conocido en el registro fsil desde el perodo Cretcico hasta el perodo cuaternario (rango de edad: de 70.6 a 0.0 millones de aos hace). Render date: 2023-03-05T05:02:22.399Z The behavioural and physiological responses of bivalves may be related to the toxicity of compounds produced by the algae [12], the concentration of toxins accumulated in bivalve tissues [13], and the history of harmful algal bloom exposure in the ecosystem [14]. The response of P. maximus to A. minutum occurred rapidly at a high concentration. Copyright: 2016 Coquereau et al. Age, Size, Lifespan: Argopecten gibbus reaches 40 to 60 mm (1.6 to 2.4 inches) shell height and approximately 80 mm (3.2 inches) in shell length. To identify the relationship between accelerometer and acoustic data, recordings were played simultaneously. Sonderdruck Mitt. Methods that measure valve activity require bivalve-attached sensors and usually connected cables to data . This will tell you about how long (in years) that the seashell was with the mollusk before it either died or abandoned its shell. Belgique Mm., ser. Over the last few decades, toxic marine dinoflagellate blooms have become more frequent worldwide, inducing dramatic human health and economic effects [13]. The AM89BM strain of Alexandrium minutum Halim (1960) isolated in 1989 in the Morlaix Bay in Brittany, France, and HT99PZ strain of Heterocapsa triquetra Ehrenberg (1840) (isolated in 1999 in the Penze estuary in Brittany, France, were used in these experiments. Two members of the scallop genus Pecten (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) occur in European waters. The animals were fed every 2 days with Isochrysis sp. Casting a Genetic Light on the Evolution of Eyes, Science, 313, 5795, (1914-1918 . To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to attempt to record marine invertebrates exposed to toxic algae with passive acoustics. It would also be very interesting and valuable to assess the threshold concentration above which significant responses can be detected with passive acoustics. Unlike mussels and clams, scallops are the only bivalve mollusk that is free-swimming. Even though specific experiments in the field are still required to test the acoustic assumptions, the present work clearly highlights that changes in the acoustics of P. maximus valve movement have the potential to be utilized in a powerful, non-intrusive method of monitoring the occurrence of harmful algal blooms. A major challenge identified in the possible use of scallop sounds to detect environmental changes, such as the presence of A. minutum bloom, was to distinguish whether the changes resulted in a significant difference in detected acoustic signals compared to normal conditions. This method enables the collection of biological data over large spatio-temporal scales using hydrophones and has the valuable advantage of being applicable to mobile species and to not be limited in individual numbers. The living Pacific A. circularis is morphologically primitive in that it resembles the Miocene species A. comparilis more than it does any of the later species on the eastern side of the Americas and is ecologically primitive in that it is broadly adapted and able to live both in bays and sounds and in open marine waters. Tran et al. The answer to can you eat raw scallops is emphatically, 100 percent yes. The hydrophones were connected to an EA-SDA14 compact autonomous recorder (RTSys). Were sorry, but GBIF doesnt work properly without JavaScript enabled. We thank Olivier Gauthier for statistical advices and Sbastien Herv for Fig 1. Bern, new ser. Furthermore, additional studies should be developed to better characterize the impact of A. minutum on scallop valve responses. Report injured, orphaned or dead manatees, Florida Youth Conservation Centers Network, See a full list of our Social Media accounts. 711744 in Felder, D.L. Adult P. maximus (n = 27, mean shell height standard deviation = 90.0 4.8 mm) were caught with a scallop dredge in the Bay of Brest, France. The four valve movement types were represented by short spikes and perceived by the human ears as shorts cracks. All water parameters were controlled on a daily basis by the aquariology team of Ocanopolis. Orig. PDF; First page. Studies of the Niantic River, Connecticut, with special reference to the bay scallop, Aequipecten irradians: Shell morphology in the larval and postlarval stages of the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin), Revision de quelques Pecten des mers d'Europe, Post-Miocene stratigraphy and morphology, outer coastal plain, southeastern Virginia, Office of Naval Res., Geography Br., Tech. Laurent Chauvaud, Affiliation: The AXY-2 data loggers (Technosmart) are accelerometers with the ability to record acceleration in three axes (range 4 , 39.24 m s-2) at 25 Hz with 8-bit resolution onto a 1 Gb RA memory card. The evolution of the Argopecten gibbus stock (Mollusca:Bivalvia) with emphasis on the tertiary and quarternary species of eastern North America. Data obtained from a single great scallop exposed for 2 hours to the higher cell concentration (500 000 cells L-1) of A) Heterocapsa triquetra control treatment and B) the toxic Alexandrium minutum. Activities Complete the following activities: 1. Kellogg, Drew, and Belding use P. irradians. Scallops were transferred to a laboratory (chorus@lab, Fondation Grenoble INP) at the public aquarium Ocanopolis in Brest. Novitates, no. The bay scallop is a bivalve that lives in the lower Chesapeake Bays salty, shallow waters. Two members of the scallop genus Pecten (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) occur in European waters. This was indicated by an increase in closures and expulsion by a factor of about 2. The scallops natural sweetness is never on display so clearly as before its cooked. Pecten irradians Lamarck. Explorations on the west coast of Florida and in the Okeechobee wilderness, The Miocene Mollusca of the state of New Jersey, Pliocene fossils from Rancho el Refugio, Baja California, and Cerralvo Island, Mexico, Pliocene and Pleistocene megafossils from the Tres Maras Islands, pt. Science Philadelphia Proc., 1st ser. Large saltwater clam/scallop 5. and its macrofauna, Intracoastal Waterway, Horry County, South Carolina, Paleoecology of the type Waccamaw (Pliocene?) Royal d'Hist. Among the many shells are beautiful fossil scallops, including forms like this called Pecten or Chesapecten. An investigation of the movement of the scallop, Pecten maximus: Helgolnder Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, A revision of the cis-Mississippi Tertiary pectens of the United States. Some morphological and ecological differences in two closely related species of scallops, Aequipecten irradians Lamarck and Aequipecten gibbus Dall from the Gulf of Mexico, Reproduction of the bay scallop, Aequipecten irradians Lamarck. Geology of the coastal plain of South Carolina, Correlation of the Cenozoic formations of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain and the Caribbean region, Pecten: Liverpool Marine Biology Committee Memoirs, Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida, with especial reference to the Miocene Silex-beds of Tampa and the Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchee River, Illustrations and descriptions of new, un-figured, or imperfectly known shells, chiefly American, in the U. S. National Museum, Notes on the nomenclature of some of our east American species of Pecten with descriptions of new species, A manual of the recent and fossil marine pelecypod mollusks of the Hawaiian Islands, A comparison of some pectens from the east and west coasts of the United States, Growth lines in fossil pectens as indicators of past climates, The feeding of the bay scallop, Aequipecten irradians: Natl, The classes Loricata and Pelecypoda, pt. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, Argopecten imitatoides Macsotay & Campos, 2001. The primitive bay scallop was apparently unable to reach the Pacific, but the open-marine species seems to have given rise to both the Pacific A. purpuratus and the Atlantic calico scallop, A. gibbus. Summary of detected movement number found by both accelerometer and acoustics methods for each recording. Di Iorio et al. 1971. A derivative of dynamic body acceleration, the vector sum of dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA), was calculated from tri-axial acceleration data as VeDBA = (ax2 + ay2 + az2). marine . When exposed to A. minutum, the great scallop P. maximus is known to be able to change its physiological behaviours (e.g., rate of biodeposits, filtration, and absorption) [11, 24]. Argopecten gibbus Name Homonyms Pecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) Bibliographic References. Arnold, William S. Asterisks indicate significant differences (Wilcoxon signed rank test) between toxic and control diets for each concentration. day 1: scallops fed with H. triquetra, day 2: scallops fed with H. triquetra) would control for possible time effect between the two diet treatments. Although closely related to larger bay scallops, calico scallops ( Argopecten gibbus) live in deeper, offshore waters along the east and west coasts of Florida. The behavioural responses of these species include changes in shell valve gap and valve microclosures. In regards to closure, the non-detection by acoustics can be explained by the low sound intensity associated with a very short duration, as it was probably confounded by the background noise. H. triquetra, a nontoxic dinoflagellate commonly observed in the environment, was used as the control diet for the experiment. Umur, ukuran, umur: Argopecten Gibbus mencapai 40 hingga 60 mm (1,6 hingga 2,4 inci) Tinggi cangkang dan sekitar 80 mm (3,2 inci) panjang shell. This is one of the largest families of living bivalves. Calico scallops as small as 19 millimeters (less than 1 inch) or as young as 4 months can become reproductively active. Belgique Mem., ser. Acoustic features varied between the different valve movement types. Acoustic recordings were acquired with a sampling rate of 156 kHz at 24-bit resolution. I of Mollusca from the Miocene and lower Pliocene of Virginia and North Carolina, Catalogue of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California and adjacent regions, A new subspecies of Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus (Linn), Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus portusregii, new name, Safe landing on Sable, isle of 500 shipwrecks, The Phanerozoic time-scaleA symposium dedicated to Professor Arthur Holmes. From the Cretaceous period to the Quaternary period. Use some method to mark the exact location at a 200 m scale-bar resolution; maybe print out the map, or if you use, Examine the phylogenetic tree. At least one other species, Argopecten circularis, is commonly called a calico scallop and is harvested in the Republic of Panama. Pub. It has been reported to occur in depths of less than 2 m down to 277 m but the commercial concentrations generally occur from about 20 to 70 m ( Waller, 1969; Allen and Costello, 1972) with the largest concentrations off Cape Kennedy at depths of 33-42 m ( Miller and Richards, 1980). Argopecten irradians, formerly classified as Aequipecten irradians, common names Atlantic bay scallop or bay scallop, is a species of scallop in the family Pectinidae. Animals were removed from their acclimation tank, transferred to the centre of one of the three experimental tanks, and a custom-made accelerometer (Technosmart, Italy) was attached with the piece of Velcro on the upper valve (Fig 1). Where did they live? 5 (Contract NONR, Shell structure of west American Pelecypoda, Observations on some structural features of the pelecypod shell. These groups were validated with both video and accelerometer recordings. Scallops have a tender, buttery texture similar to that of crab and lobster. Geology, Geol. Future work can then establish the precise acoustic values of valve movements in natural conditions. (Tahitian strain) T-iso culture, a common aquaculture feed. In the "TertiaryFauna of Florida" (Dall, 1898), on the ground of integradation with the Jamaican scallop which Linnreus described as Ostrea gibba, he employs the name Pecten gibbus Linne with irradians as a subspecies. They range from 70.6 to0.0 years old. We thank Cline Liret, Dominique Barthlmy, Sbastien Delaporte, Marie-Pierre Pelecq, and the aquariology staff of the public aquarium Ocanopolis in Brest for their technical support. Volume 43 Issue S3: Paleontological Society Memoir Issue S3: Paleontological Society Memoir 3. Like bay scallops, calico scallops are hermaphrodites (possessing male and female organs) and broadcast spawners, meaning fertilization occurs outside the animal in the water column. Genetic distances between these species were estimated using both allozyme electrophoresis and mitochondrial DNA . Sound signals were detected manually. Paradoxides pinus, Cambrian Period, 540-490 mya. The most striking feature of the scallop is the presence of eyes that are clearly visible around the margin of the shell. Data from right and left valves were treated separately, except that they were recombined in the study of characters that differ between valves, thereby furnishing new information on intervalve features. Nat. Carefully read the following: This project requires you to implement improved learning practice in an organisational context within a given, (I'm not gonna copy, only using for help) Research the following details about Pectun Gibbus list its physical characteristics describe any known or theorized behavioral characteristics identify the, WILL UPVOTE!! Argopecten gibbus. Royal d'Hist. } Acad. Pecten O. F. Mller, 1776. Microalgae concentrations were determined using a Nageotte cell under a light microscope. Field Trip, Apr. Thus, acoustic methods appear to be a potential non-intrusive tool to rapidly assess ecosystem health over relevant spatiotemporal scales and to identify biodiversity changes in marine environments, where direct visual observation is often not feasible. I of Catalogue of the type and figured specimens of fossils, minerals, rocks, and ores in the Department of Geology, United States National Museum, Index of condition and percent solids of raft-grown oysters in Massachusetts, Micropaleontology and stratigraphy of a deep well at Niceville, Okaloosa County, Florida, Characters and observations on new genera and species of Mollusca and Conchifera collected by Mr. Cumming, Monograph of the genus Pecten. During the exposure of P. maximus to H. triquetra (the control diet) and A. minutum (the toxic diet), the scallops remained open nearly all the time, which seemed to ensure continuous ventilation and constant inflow through the mantle cavity, interrupted by short closures and other movements, such as expulsion, displacement, or swimming. Survey Prof. Paper 47, Microtextural variation in pelecypod shells, Search for the past, an introduction to paleontology, A report upon the scallop fishery of Massachusetts, including the habits, life history of, Upper Tertiary Arcacea of the mid-Atlantic coastal plain, Skr. Your email address will not be published. Harmful algal blooms often begin in spring when winter storms are over and the sea calmer. Even though P. maximus is a mobile species, individuals did not try to escape as a direct response to the presence of A. minutum, as the numbers of displacement and swimming events were not different from the controls. VIII, Ctenobranchia, Aspidobranchia, and Scaphopoda, p. 493656 (1947); 142-I, Pt. Thus, the two last behaviours appeared to be 25% less intense than swimming and displacement. The fossil members of the stock include the ancestors of these living species together with Argopecten eboreus (Conrad), an extinct species or species-group not ancestral to any of the later taxa. 1982. ASW,Mexico Gulf. Sounds play an important role in detecting early signs of animal stress [27, 28]. 06.03 Origin and Evolution of Life: Pecten Gibbus, Sharp scales located on the lower surface of this fossils ribs, describe any known or theorized behavioral characteristics, describe its biological evolution and phylogeny. On the second day, the groups were fed the toxic diet (A. minutum). DOI: 10.2307/1536984 Corpus ID: 89548491; THE FORMATION, REGENERATION, AND TRANSPLANTATION OF EYES IN PECTEN (GIBBUS BOREALIS) @article{Butcher1930THEFR, title={THE FORMATION, REGENERATION, AND TRANSPLANTATION OF EYES IN PECTEN (GIBBUS BOREALIS)}, author={Earl O. Some scallops have a slightly nutty flavor, reminiscent of almonds or hazelnuts. VII, Stenoglossa, p. 437491 (1944); 142-H, Pt. Species Parent. Indeed, these behaviors being always detected acoustically would even reinforce passive acoustics usefulness in a context of harmful toxic algal bloom. To associate acoustic signal production and spikes from accelerometer data with behavioural events, scallop movements were followed using synchronized video cameras (GoPro HERO2) and/or visual observations. I of Fossil invertebrates, pt. THE FORMATION, REGENERATION, AND TRANSPLANTATION OF EYES IN PECTEN (GIBBUS BOREALIS) EARL O. Methods that measure valve activity require bivalve-attached sensors and usually connected cables to data transfers, leading to stress animals and limit the use to sessile species. Calico scallops have several blue eyes located in the mantle cavity along the edge of each shell, which they use to detect shadows and movement. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2012-2023 On Secret Hunt - All Rights Reserved Analyses of the number of movements, the number of expulsions, and the number of closures exhibited by scallops over different time intervals (10 min, 15 min, 30 min) over the two hour period showed a stable activity over time in the presence of both algae at the three concentrations (S1 Fig). REVERSAL OF PHOTOTROPISM IN A PARASITIC WATER MITE. p. 4: 2008: Argopecten gibbus Hendy et al. 3, On some fossil and recent shells of the United States, Descriptions of a new genus, and of twenty-nine new Miocene, and one Eocene fossil shells of the United States. Furthermore, they showed that the acoustic characteristics of scallop expulsion are distinctive from any sound produced by other known benthic organisms, indicating that this behaviour is potentially interesting as indicator of changes in the environment. Signals were assigned in groups according to their shape and acoustic features, then these groups were validated with GoPro footages/observations and accelerometer data. Sci. This gives an idea of the earth's . For all exposure conditions, the order of behaviour type abundances were the same: closure > expulsion > displacement > swimming. It would be interesting to investigate the impact of A. minutum on the valve responses of scallops over a longer period of exposure, to better evaluate this absence of effect at low-medium concentrations and possibly detect an impact after a few hours of exposure. One, without scallop, nor alga, served as an acoustic control to record ambient noise and validates detected sounds from the three other tanks. name. Small glass-sided tanks create a highly reverberant and complex acoustic environment, resulting in distorted acoustic features [3840]. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. These data were also compared with visual observations or images taken by cameras, which were recorded simultaneously. No Access. After a two-week pelagic (open water) larval phase the juvenile scallops, commonly called spat, settle out of the water and attach to hard surfaces, usually older calico scallop shells. what are the total times for these periods, only do total time not all Time Span Scale Total Time Hadean Eon (Precambrian Time) 4.6 bya - 3.8 bya 460 cm - 380 cm . Aurlie Jolivet, As a result of this rapid growth and early maturation, groups of scallops, or cohorts, may overlap and scallops of many different sizes may occupy a bed at any given time. Differences between samples were studied and evaluated by means of morphometric data consisting of 70 measurements and form ratios of the outline, ligamenture, and musculature of each valve. I of Cenozoic Muricidae of the western Atlantic region, Chicoreus (Phyllonotus), part III of Cenozoic Muricidae of the Western Atlantic region, Genera of the Bivalvia: A systematic and bibliographic catalogue, Two FORTRAN II programs for the univariate and bivariate analysis of morphometric data, Paleontology of the marine Tertiary formations of Oregon and Washington, Late Cenozoic pelecypods from northern Venezuela, The calico scallop community in North Carolina, The edible clams, mussels and scallops of California, Mollusca and Crustacea of the Miocene formations of New Jersey, The evolution of the swimming habit in the Lamellibranchia, Mus. Retained Earnings 462 . A. eboreus, a common scallop on the eastern side of the Americas in the Miocene and Pliocene, represents a highly variable yet morphologically persistent lineage that neither split nor gave rise phyletically to other species and that became extinct during the early Pleistocene. We confirm that the sampling did not involve endangered or protected species. Survey Prof. Papers 142-A through 142-I; 142-A, Pt. However, a precise description of the valve activity of this major commercial species in response to a harmful algal bloom has yet to be proposed. Thus far, accelerometry and passive acoustics do not seem to allow the detection of such concentrations in the water, but this approach should be continued to define the behavioural responses of P. maximus to A. minutum over a longer period of time and assess whether a response can be detected over time at a concentration of 10 000 cells L-1. ), Gulf of MexicoOrigins, Waters, and Biota. Accelerometry data showed that the number of expulsion and closure events increased by a factor of 2 in the presence of A. minutum compare to the presence of H. triquetra (Wilcoxon tests, p = 0.029 and p = 0.039, Fig 4A2 and 4A3). . Their wings are much thicker on the inside than on the outside, causing this difference in thickness. Can Subclass Override The Static Methods Of Superclass? The tanks were equipped for long-term housing and continuously supplied with fresh filtered seawater from the Bay of Brest (temperature: 13.013.5C, salinity: 33.533.7). Indeed, a comparison of both accelerometer and acoustic data showed that 100% of swimming and displacement events were detectable in acoustic recordings, but only 51% of expulsion and 18% of closure events. American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature. Enumeratio molluscorum Siciliae cum viventium tum in tellure tertiaria fossilium, quae in itinere suo observavit. The Atlantic calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus, is a species of medium-sized edible saltwater clam, specifically a scallop, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Pectinidae, the scallops. VI, Pteropoda, Opisthobranchia, and Ctenobranchia, p. 251435 (1937 [1938]); 142-G, Pt. Calico scallops generally live in depths from 10 to 400 meters (30 to 1,200 feet) on sandy or shelled bottoms. The examples here are under concentration expositions of 500 000 cell/L. However, despite not detecting a significant difference in the number of closures that could be detected by acoustic recordings (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.057, Fig 4B3), a clear tendency was observed. Fisheries Tech. Black dots represent algae added in the tank at the beginning of the trial. Each closure corresponds to the pitch angle returning to the reference value (i.e., the value obtained when the shell is closed). Universit de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Europen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de lEnvironnement Marin, UMR 6539, LIA BeBEST, Rue Dumont DUrville, 29280, Plouzan, France, Current address: TBM environnement/Somme, 115 rue Claude Chappe, Technopole Brest Iroise, 29280, Plouzan, France. The left (upper) valve is somewhat more convex than the right (lower) (Broom 1976). We are grateful to the chair Chorus for the utilisation of the tanks. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Nat. Changes in the patterns of valve activity in several bivalve species have been shown to indicate the presence of noxious dinoflagellates [14, 1821]. ARE,Europe. Pecten gibbus Name Synonyms Aequipecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) Argopecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) Chlamys gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) Ostrea gibba (Linnaeus, 1758) Pecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) Pecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) Homonyms Pecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) . Due to their potential sensitivity (e.g., environmental changes), bivalves through their valve movements can be monitored to detect harmful algal blooms. Acoustic signals were identified by careful visual inspection of the spectrograms of acoustic recordings and distinguished as short impulsive events of higher energy compared to the surrounding background noise.
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