luciferase quantum dot microneedle10 marca 2023
0000019391 00000 n However, we do not guarantee individual replies due to the high volume of messages. These findings suggest that intradermal QDs can be used to reliably encode information and can be delivered with a vaccine, which may be particularly valuable in the developing world and open up new avenues for decentralized data storage and biosensing. 1). Competing interests: A patent application entitled Microneedle tattoo patches and use thereof describing the approach presented here was filed by K.J.M., L.J., S.Y.S., H.S.N.J., A.J., and R.L. hb````4a`g`bb@ !6(~_` 0. trailer 2022 Sep 30;8(39):eabo8017. Science Translational Medicine (2019)]By selectively loading microparticles into microneedles, the patches deliver a pattern in the skin that is invisible to the naked eye but can be scanned with a smartphone that has the infrared filter removed. Endo Inks Collaborations in Pain and Cancer, Orexo to Take Over PharmaKodex to Enhance Reformulation Business. Would you like email updates of new search results? Nat Methods 3, 240 (2006). 2013 Sep;67(9):997-1002. doi: 10.1366/12-06836. 0000030064 00000 n 0000149716 00000 n To obtain Writing for Scientific American, Karen Weintraub spotlights how MIT researchers have developed a new invisible ink that could be injected under a patients skin, leaving a record of their vaccination history. Based on the years of experience as a Phys.org medical research channel, started in April 2011, Medical Xpress became a separate website. An MIT-led study reveals a core tension between the impulse to share news and to think about whether it is true. The approach raises some privacy concerns, says Prausnitz, who helped invent microneedle technology and directs Georgia Techs Center for Drug Design, Development and Delivery. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Microneedle patches for flu vaccination prove successful in first human clinical trial, Vaccine using microneedle patch with RSV virus, immune-stimulating compound is effective against RSV, Skin immunization by microneedle patch overcomes statin-induced suppression of flu vaccine response in mice, Clinical study tests microneedle skin patches as alternative to flu shot, Tumor cells' response to chemotherapy is driven by randomness, shows study, Variant-specific vaccines offer better protection against COVID, shows study, New COVID-19 booster vaccine offers high level of protection in mice, A two-pronged approach to target critical malaria protein, Specialized garbage disposal cell, implicated in autoimmune disease, tracked for the first time, How gut microbes help mend damaged muscles, Study investigates the source of back and joint pain with the goal of reverse engineering treatments, Machine learning model focuses on news articles to predict food crisis outbreaks, Detecting anemia earlier in children using a smartphone, Putting out 'the fire in the brain': A potential treatment for autoimmune encephalitis, Researcher uncovers link between ultra-processed foods and Crohn's disease, Large-scale study of nine genes in 4,580 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Adding antipsychotic med to antidepressant may help older adults with treatment-resistant depression, New insights into eye damage in Alzheimer's disease patients, 'COVID rebound' is common, even in untreated patients, reports study, Chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer cells protect their neighbors, shows study, Study uncovers age-related brain differences in autistic individuals, Largest-ever genetic study of prostate cancer in men of African descent finds new risk factors for the disease. 0000014465 00000 n below, credit the images to "MIT.". 0000005872 00000 n the Science X network is one of the largest online communities for science-minded people. 0000009128 00000 n Bioluminescence of renilla luciferase and photoluminescence of C-dots. Even with multiple shots, he adds, the marks are small enough that your whole array of vaccines could fit within a couple inches.. For now, the patches can only encode a handful of simple shapes. Large language models are biased. Delivering the dye required the researchers to find something that was safe and would last long enough to be useful. At the root of it all, the tattoos still address a very important problem, Hoyt says. Thats critical, Kass says. The researchers also tested this vaccination strategy in rats, using microneedle patches that delivered the quantum dots along with a polio vaccine. This encapsulation allows the dye to remain in place, under the skin, after being injected. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Can logic help save them. 0000112320 00000 n Keeping track of vaccinations remains a major challenge in the developing world, and even in many developed countries, paperwork gets lost, and parents forget whether their child is up to date. The dots are only about 4 nanometers in diameter, but they are encapsulated in biocompatible microparticles that form spheres about 20 microns in diameter. Please select the most appropriate category to facilitate processing of your request, Optional (only if you want to be contacted back). Kids Start Forgetting Early Childhood Around Age 7, Archaeologists Discover Wooden Spikes Described by Julius Caesar, 5,000-Year-Old Tavern With Food Still Inside Discovered in Iraq, Artificial Sweetener Tied to Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke, Study Finds, The Surprisingly Scientific Roots of Monkey Bars. The researchers showed that their new dye, which consists of nanocrystals called quantum dots, can remain for at least five years under the skin, where it emits near-infrared light that can be detected by a specially equipped smartphone. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Luciferase is a real scientific term that refers to an enzyme capable of giving off light when it uses a substance called luciferin An example of this in action can be seen in the natural world with fireflies. 0000002802 00000 n National Library of Medicine 0000136426 00000 n The microneedles don't leave scars and are less invasive than the regular needles its like putting on a Band-Aid,explains research scientist Ana Jaklenec. They are also working on expanding the amount of data that can be encoded in a single pattern, allowing them to include information such as the date of vaccine administration and the lot number of the vaccine batch. ); pjayanti94@gmail.com (P.J. The researchers also tested the vaccination strategy in rats, using microneedle patches that delivered the quantum dots along with a polio vaccine. To create an on-patient, decentralized medical record, the researchers have now developed a new type of copper-based quantum dot, which emits light in the near-infrared spectrum. Thanks for reading Scientific American. The researchers also wanted to avoid technologies that would raise even more privacy concerns, such as iris scans and databases with names and identifiable data, she says. He says, The beauty of this Luc8 is that it is very tolerant of chemical modifications, and this makes it very easy to do the conjugation and retain the luciferase activity.. Storage, access, and control of medical records is an important topic with many possible approaches, says Mark Prausnitz, chair of chemical and biomolecular engineering at Georgia Tech, who was not involved in the research. Ana Jaklenec, a research scientist at MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and Robert Langer, the David H. Koch Institute Professor at MIT, are the senior authors of the paper. 0000004873 00000 n This encapsulation allows the dye to remain in place, under the skin, after being injected. Katherine J. Wu is a Boston-based science journalist and Story Collider senior producer whose work has appeared in National Geographic, Undark magazine, Popular Science and more. engineers have developed a way to store medical information under the skin, using a quantum dot dye that is delivered, along with a vaccine, by a microneedle patch. Reprinted with permission from Nature Biotechnology. 0000152007 00000 n Nine months is a long time for rats, which live only a couple years, but the blink of an immunologic eye for a human. In parallel, microneedle geometry was optimized in silico and validated ex vivo using porcine and synthetic human skin. Luciferase is a generic term for the class of oxidative enzymes that produce bioluminescence, and is usually distinguished from a photoprotein. The dye, which is. Platform schematic and fluorescent probe. "Then there will be quantum dot micro-needles, a DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION MARK in the form of a dye under the skin, a sort of tattoo that can be detected with special light and/or scanners. When the patch is applied to the skin, the microneedles, which are 1.5 millimeters long, partially dissolve, releasing their payload within about two minutes. In some areas in the developing world, it can be very challenging to do this, as there is a lack of data about who has been vaccinated and whether they need additional shots or not.. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. GEN Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News, Quantum Dots Deliver Vaccines and Invisibly Encode Vaccination History in Skin, Awards Fund Women Scientists Travel to Tropical Medicines Annual Meeting, Nanoparticles Target Medulloblastoma Tumor to Improve Drug Therapy and Reduce Toxicity, Novel Bone Marrow Failure Syndrome Treatment Discovered, Meningitis Bacteria Hijack Pain Neuron Signaling to Suppress Immune Response, AGBT Meets High Standards, Gets Low, Low, Low, Taking the Measure of Cancer, Genomically, RNA Therapies Diversify and Become More Impactful, Viral Vector Production Evolves to Meet Surging Demand, Biocompatible near-infrared quantum dots delivered to the skin by microneedle patches record vaccination, Nanopore Protein Sequencing May Be Possible via Novel Methodology. Epub 2022 Aug 30. iScience. Credit: K.J. (US 62/558,172). The microneedles used in this study are made from a mixture of dissolvable sugar and a polymer called PVA, as well as the quantum-dot dye and the vaccine. It could make things worse than they already are.. But the teams experiments in rats suggest that these medical marks are both safe and long-lasting, and can be administered alongside vaccines without compromising efficacy. 3D printing of microneedle arrays for hair regeneration in a controllable region. Again, the enzyme that will light up Bill Gates Human Implantable Quantum Dot Microneedle Vaccination Delivery System is called Luciferase, which is what makes the vaccination . 2013 Sep;13(9):6115-9. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2013.7634. 0000020710 00000 n For general inquiries, please use our contact form. Its already difficult enough to get vaccines cleared to go into these countries, he says. The technology embeds immunization records into a childs skin. of vaccination in countries at all socioeconomic strata, including the United States. Novel NanoLuc substrates enable bright two-population bioluminescence imaging in animals, A generic approach towards afterglow luminescent nanoparticles for ultrasensitive in vivo imaging, Color-tunable bioluminescence imaging portfolio for cell imaging, Self-illumination of Carbon Dots by Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Near-infrared luminescence high-contrast in vivo biomedical imaging, X-ray-activated persistent luminescence nanomaterials for NIR-II imaging, A phosphorescent probe for in vivo imaging in the second near-infrared window, NIR-II bioluminescence for in vivo high contrast imaging and in situ ATP-mediated metastases tracing, H2S-activatable near-infrared afterglow luminescent probes for sensitive molecular imaging in vivo, Nanobioanalytical luminescence: Frster-type energy transfer methods. 7.. Fig. Tests using human cadaver skin showed that the quantum-dot patterns could be detected by smartphone cameras after up to five years of simulated sun exposure. 0000151738 00000 n K.J. 1, ,A A - C), we first needed to identify a suitable candidate for long-term detection.We began by investigating the use of commercial fluorophores with emission . Shaheed R, Acharya S, Shukla S, Kesarwani M, Acharya N. J Family Med Prim Care. 0000010079 00000 n To create an "on-patient," decentralized medical record, the researchers developed a new type of copper-based quantum dots, which emit light in the near-infrared spectrum. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Fig. 0000002176 00000 n Your feedback is important to us. Every year, a lack of vaccination leads to about 1.5 million preventable deaths, primarily in developing nations. Science Translational Medicine (2019)]Experiments in live rats confirmed that the microneedle patches could also successfully deliver a polio vaccine at amounts generated therapeutic antibody levels. All Rights Reserved. bioengineers Robert Langer and Ana Jaklenec and their colleagues, uses a patch of tiny needles called microneedles to provide an effective vaccination without a teeth-clenching jab. More information: %PDF-1.4 % Microneedles are embedded in a Band-Aid-like device that is placed on the skin; a skilled nurse or technician is not required. It would be nice tho if technology didnt fulfill Bible prophesy. McHugh el al., "Biocompatible near-infrared quantum dots delivered to the skin by microneedle patches record vaccination," Science Translational Medicine (2019). 0000006410 00000 n Biological response to PMMA-encapsulated quantum dots. 2023 Jan 5;4(1):1. doi: 10.1186/s43556-022-00102-2. Like QR codes, these designs could be scanned and interpreted by smartphones, and someday allow health providers to archive and access patients past vaccinations without the muss and fuss of external records. The researchers designed their dye to be delivered by a microneedle patch rather than a traditional syringe and needle. Accessibility McHugh et al., Science Translational Medicine (2019). The availability of self-illuminating quantum dot conjugates will provide many new possibilities for in vivo imaging and detection, such as monitoring of in vivo cell trafficking, multiplex bioluminescence imaging and new quantum dot-based biosensors. During in vivo imaging, this results in low excitation efficiency and high background. The properties of these conjugates should make them suitable for use with animals larger than mice, and Rao says they are testing these conjugates for use for functional imaging in vivo. Tattooed into its skin are the scars of old wounds; archived in the molecules of the immune system are the traces of past infections. QD-containing microparticles were then embedded in dissolvable microneedles and administered to rats with or without a vaccine. 3.. Microneedle modeling, fabrication, and evaluation. Delivered through a microneedle patch, biocompatible quantum dots embed in the skin and fluoresce under near-infrared lightcreating a glowing trace that can be detected at least five years after vaccination. Temperature dependent fluorescence of CuInS/ZnS quantum dots in near infrared region. 0000155272 00000 n The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. In parallel, microneedle geometry was optimized in silico and validated ex vivo using porcine and synthetic human skin. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Near infrared bioimaging and biosensing with semiconductor and rare-earth nanoparticles: recent developments in multifunctional nanomaterials. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 0000012564 00000 n The LIPS assay detects antibodies against G glycoprotein, (G protein), a molecule that occurs on the surface of the virus. 0000019101 00000 n 0000005245 00000 n Furthermore, Rao and colleagues were able to exploit the fact that quantum dots with distinct emission spectra all have similar absorption profiles allowing all of them to function as luciferase energy acceptors. When injected into mice, these bioluminescent quantum dot conjugates produced good signals with no background after injection of the luciferase substrate coelenterazine into the bloodstream. The information you enter will appear in your e-mail message and is not retained by Tech Xplore in any form. By delivering both agents in the same microneedle patch, there is the potential to realize production cost advantages and eliminate the possibility of misuse (such as applying the encoding patch without the vaccine) Ultimately, we believe that this invisible, on-body technology opens up new avenues for decentralized data storage and biosensing applications that could influence the way medical care is provided, especially in the developing world., This is wonderful, helpful, awesome, medical technology but we all know very well intended technology like this can eventually be used for more control over humans Is luciferase in the Covid vaccine? and JavaScript. Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives license. Rao and colleagues thought there must be a way to solve this problem. 0000002622 00000 n The platform could feasibly provide clinicians with a more dependable way of keeping accurate medical records. A conspiracy theory falsely claims Bill Gates is plotting to use COVID-19 testing and a future vaccine to track people with microchips. There may be other concerns that patients have about being tattooed, carrying around personal medical information on their bodies or other aspects of this unfamiliar approach to storing medical records, he says. The teams upcoming surveys, he adds, could also help the researchers adapt their product to patients needs, desires and concerns. The Gates Foundation has advocated for expanded testing and. In vivo imaging of NIR patterns in rodent skin. 0000019970 00000 n startxref Cu-doped quantum dots: a new class of near-infrared emitting fluorophores for bioanalysis and bioimaging. The formulation showing the greatest resistance to photobleaching after simulated sunlight exposure (5-year equivalence) through pigmented human skin was encapsulated in microparticles for use in vivo. 0000014977 00000 n xref Solving medicines record-keeping riddle, they argue, might just involve injecting patterns of invisible nanoparticles under the skin. With each passing day, it becomes . 0000009528 00000 n They found that those rats generated an immune response similar to the response of rats that received a traditional injected polio vaccine. The researchers plan to work with health care workers in developing nations in Africa to get input on the best way to implement this type of vaccination record keeping. Google Scholar, You can also search for this author in By selectively loading microparticles into microneedles, the patches deliver a pattern in the skin that is invisible to the naked eye but can be scanned with a smartphone that has the infrared filter removed. 0000181366 00000 n 0000014933 00000 n Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The emitted light is then detected by a specially modified smartphone ( Sci. Since many of the current candidate vaccines contain or express only one or a few of the proteins found in the virus, antibody responses to non-vaccine RSV antigens can serve as a marker of exposure and infection in subjects given these vaccines. The quantum dots after being administered to the skin of rodents. Delivered by a microneedle patcha four-by-four grid of tiny, 1.5-millimeter-long spikes that hurt less than typical injectionstheyre made up of nanoparticles that are undetectable in visible light, glowing only when viewed in infrared. The research, conducted by M.I.T. 0000008361 00000 n The researchers designed their dye to be delivered by a microneedle patch rather than using a traditional syringe and needle. To create an "on-patient," decentralized medical record, the researchers developed a new type of copper-based quantum dots, which emit light in the near-infrared spectrum. 0000024814 00000 n The dots are about 4 nm in diameter, and are encapsulated in biocompatible microparticles that form spheres about 20min diameter. 0000009468 00000 n The luciferase-tagged G proteins (RSV-GA and RSV-GB) acted as bait to antibodies against the G proteins in samples of human serum (the clear fluid of blood without red or white cells), causing them to bind to the tagged proteins. The site is secure. 18 0 obj <> endobj 0000004080 00000 n This study presents a novel approach where the medical record is stored and controlled by the patient within the patients skin in a minimally invasive and elegant way.. The researchers showed that their new dye, which consists of nanocrystals called quantum dots, can remain for at least five years under the skin, where it emits near-infrared light that can be detected by a specially equipped smartphone. Epub 2019 Jul 11. The dye has been shown to be safe in humans. Delivered by a microneedle patcha four-by-four grid of tiny, 1.5-millimeter-long spikes that hurt less than typical injectionsthey're made up of nanoparticles that are undetectable in visible. The .gov means its official.Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 111 0 obj <>stream 0000023918 00000 n FOIA Present affiliation: ATCC Cell Systems, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA. The dye would be expected to last up to five years, according to tests on pig and rat skin and human skin in a dish. Editors note: This article has been updated to clarify that this research was developed to help avoid preventable deaths in parts of the world where paper or digital systems for storing patients vaccination records arent available. Such patches are now being developed to deliver vaccines for measles, rubella, and other diseases, and the researchers showed that their dye could be easily incorporated into these patches. This site uses cookies to assist with navigation, analyse your use of our services, collect data for ads personalisation and provide content from third parties. 0000027694 00000 n The needles dissolve under the skin, leaving the encapsulated quantum dots. You may not alter the images provided, other than to crop them to size. MIT researchers have developed a method of storing vaccination history underneath a patient'sskin, reports Elizabeth Cooney for STAT. And when the team scanned the rats nine months later, they could still identify the symbols the microneedle patch had left. To develop the assay, the FDA scientists genetically engineered RSV G proteins from both subgroups. We want people to be comfortable, says study author Kevin McHugh, a bioengineer at Rice University. Remove the word 'human' and it becomes 666. Copyright 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. 0000010658 00000 n Use this form if you have come across a typo, inaccuracy or would like to send an edit request for the content on this page. Private station. 0000109600 00000 n The researchers found that vaccination with the microneedle patches was safe, with no serious related adverse events reported. QDs are invisible to the naked eye yet detectable when exposed to NIR light. Thinking Revelations the mark of the beast to buy, sell, trade This world is doomed, eventually, no matter what we do or dont do. stm.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/ scitranslmed.aay7162, Journal information: 0000006934 00000 n 0000024334 00000 n See this image and copyright information in PMC, Aqueous synthesis of Ag and Mn co-doped In. If the nanoparticles are misapplied, fast-fading, poorly imaged or even misinterpreted, public health officials could end up back at square one on the record-keeping front, points out Grace Lee, an infectious disease pediatrician at Stanford Universitys Lucile Packard Childrens Hospital who wasnt involved in the study. She holds a Ph.D. in Microbiology and Immunobiology from Harvard University, and was Smithsonian magazine's 2018 AAAS Mass Media Fellow. 0000026603 00000 n Concerns have been voiced about the ability of quantum dots to function as fluorescence resonance energy transfer acceptors for organic fluorophores. Figuring that out will require a robust discussion to optimize the use of this technology in an ethically appropriate fashion, Lee says. Advertising Notice by In areas where paper vaccination cards are often lost or do not exist at all, and electronic databases are unheard of, this technology could enable the rapid and anonymous detection of patient vaccination history to ensure that every child is vaccinated, said Kevin McHugh, a former MIT postdoc who is now an assistant professor of bioengineering at Rice University. Cookie Settings, Courtesy of Kevin McHugh, Rice University, Figuring out how to keep better track of vaccination is incredibly important from a health systems and public health perspective, says Johns Hopkins University bioethicist, , who wasnt involved in the project. 0000140471 00000 n Add that onto the backlash that already comes part and parcel with vaccines on the whole, and the situation could compound hesitancy and misinformation, she says. 0000009589 00000 n Though somewhat comparable to tattoos, the marks themselves are nothing like traditional ink. Images for download on the MIT News office website are made available to non-commercial entities, press and the general public under a Thats the ultimate goal, McHugh says: to always administer the medicine and the marker in tandem, so theres no risk of getting one without the other. 0000234977 00000 n Researchers at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have developed a simple, rapid, and sensitive test that identifies individuals who have made antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the most common cause of serious lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children worldwide. Figure 2.. Encapsulation and characterization of QDs. CAS The patch can be customized to imprint different patterns that correspond to the type of vaccine delivered. For general feedback, use the public comments section below (please adhere to guidelines). I would like to subscribe to Science X Newsletter. Science Translational Medicine, Provided by The goal is widespread adoption.. This website is managed by the MIT News Office, part of the Institute Office of Communications. Bill Gates is building something that we call the Human Implantable Quantum Dot Microneedle Vaccination Delivery System, and it needs an enzyme called Luciferase in order to make it work. Bioluminescent quantum dots Bioluminescence is widely used for in vivo imaging of nude mice. This study confirmed that incorporating the vaccine with the dye in the microneedle patches did not affect the efficacy of the vaccine or our ability to detect the dye, Jaklenec says. Smartphone images of the quantum dot markings in the skin of rodents at 0 weeks and 12 weeks after administration. 0000017490 00000 n and transmitted securely. Nat. By conjugating luciferase protein to quantum dots, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) turns these useful fluorophores into a new class of bioluminescent probe. : +1-240-402-9389 Fig. 0000003057 00000 n McHugh et al., Science Translational Medicine (2019), A close-up microscope image of the microneedle array, which could deliver quantum dots into skin. With similar concerns in mind, the researchers, led by bioengineers Robert Langer and Ana Jaklenec, are preparing to conduct surveys to assess whether the invisible tattoos would be accepted by locals in high-priority regions. 2021 Oct 6;3(22):6310-6329. doi: 10.1039/d1na00502b. More complexity, however, also introduces the possibility for more error. 0000040559 00000 n 0000155745 00000 n and Terms of Use. In this study, Renilla luciferase-immobilized quantum dots-655 (QD-RLuc8) was used for bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-mediated PDT to resolve these problems. 0000035038 00000 n A simple spring-loaded applicator was used to administer microneedles into ex vivo pig skin and human cadaveric skin for a duration of 2 min, in accordance with the optimal wear time identified by the global health organization PATH ( 19 ). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. They are often used by scientists because they can help researchers monitor biological processes. Implantable Quantum Dot Microneedle Vaccination Delivery System Luciferase; an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a luciferin, causing it to produce a visible glow. Such patches are now being developed to deliver vaccines for measles, rubella, and other diseases. Fig. Over the course of two minutes, the nanoparticles diffuse from within the microneedles to a shallow layer of skin, where theyre deposited in simple patterns of dots, each smaller than your garden-variety freckle. The researchers also tested this vaccination strategy in rats, using microneedle patches that delivered the quantum dots along with a polio vaccine. The patch can be customized to imprint different patterns that correspond to the type of vaccine delivered. But injectable nanoparticles that reveal private information about a patient could be ripe for misinterpretations and rumors, she says. Copyright 2023 Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. By conjugating luciferase protein to quantum dots, bio-luminescence resonance energy transfer Every year, a lack of vaccination leads to about 1.5 million preventable deaths, primarily in developing nations. The .gov means its official. While the researchers believe that the quantum dots are safe to use in this way because they are encapsulated in a biocompatible polymer, further safety studies are planned before progressing to tests in humans. Credit: Tom Buehler - MIT. An accessory procedure like this, he says, could meet further resistance.
Terry Rasmussen Death,
Kreg Vs Jessem Router Lift,
Livonia Stevenson Soccer Roster,
Articles L