how did alexander graham bell invent the telephone10 marca 2023
Alexander Graham Bell ( / re.m /, born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 - August 2, 1922) [4] was a Scottish-born [N 1] inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. But few know that the central interest of his life was education for deaf children or that he was one of the strongest proponents of oralism in the United States. While in the U.S. Bell invented and/or improved a number of electrical technologies. To give the organization scientific credibility, Davenport set up a Board of Scientific Directors naming Bell as chairman. The vibrations were then converted into an electric current which traveled along the wire to the receiver. [98], The first two-way (reciprocal) conversation over a line occurred between Cambridge and Boston (roughly 2.5 miles) on October 9, 1876. In fact, on the 7 March 1876, he got the official patent for it. Or, did you know that in later years he refused to have a telephone in his study? What year was Alexander Graham Bell the inventor of the telephone? Bell used the prize money to set up his Volta Laboratory, an institution devoted to studying deafness and improving the lives of the deaf, in Washington, D.C. According to some accounts, the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find Guiteau's bullet, partly because the metal bed frame on which the President was lying disturbed the instrument, resulting in static. On March 7, 1876, 29-year-old Alexander Graham Bell receives a patent for his revolutionary new invention: the telephone. The harmonic telegraph served as the basis for the modern telephone. In 1863, Bell was . [58][N 10] The basic concept behind his device was that messages could be sent through a single wire if each message was transmitted at a different pitch, but work on both the transmitter and receiver was needed. But do you know the real story behind how the first telephone invention came to be? Although Edison had invented the phonograph in 1877, he soon turned his attention to other technologies, especially electric power and lighting, and his machine, which recorded and reproduced sound on a rotating cylinder wrapped in tinfoil, remained an unreliable and cumbersome device. What did Alexander Graham Bell invent other than the telephone? A copy of a draft of the patent application is shown, described as "probably the most valuable patent ever.". [102], Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the scientific community as well as the general public. [113] Bell's laboratory notes and family letters were the key to establishing a long lineage to his experiments. [121] However, due to the efforts of Congressman Vito Fossella, the U.S. House of Representatives on June 11, 2002, stated that Meucci's "work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged". [183] A summary of the event notes that Bell was a "pioneering investigator in the field of human heredity". The extent of the [area that produced a response from the detector] having been so small, as compared with the area of the bed, it seemed reasonable to conclude that the steel mattress had produced no detrimental effect." Some hardships that Alexander Graham Bell faced were he had two brothers that died of tuberculosis. A. D. McCurdyBaldwin and McCurdy being new engineering graduates from the University of Toronto.[168]. In 1907 Bell founded the Aerial Experiment Association, which made significant progress in aircraft design and control and contributed to the career of pioneer aviator Glenn Hammond Curtiss. [158][159] Its master patent was issued in December 1880, many decades before the photophone's principles came into popular use. You likely already know that Alexander Graham Bells telephone invention changed the world. Likewise, hashtags derive a kind of new road map of ideas and subjects, just like those early telegraph wires upon which the inventor of the telephone placed his first calls. A replica of liquid transmitter telephone (1870's)National Museums Scotland. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. How The Telephone Was Invented by Alex Alex Graham Bell's Early Life It all started when Alex was 15 years old and he saw a "speaking automaton" machine that was "disappointingly crude" so Alex's father challenged him and his brother to build a better machine, which they did. Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born scientist and inventor best known for inventing the first working telephone in 1876 and founding the Bell Telephone Company in 1877. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided. The story of Alexander Graham Bell and Canada's greatest invention is told in one teen pop song. Bell considered the photophone "the greatest invention [he had] ever made, greater than the telephone." The strain put on Bell by his constant appearances in court, necessitated by the legal battles, eventually resulted in his resignation from the company. [23] Bell's preoccupation with his mother's deafness led him to study acoustics. On that same day a few hours later or was it a few hours earlier? [172], Bell, along with many members of the scientific community at the time, took an interest in the popular science of heredity which grew out of the publication of Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species in 1859. It was the day and age for new innovations and new devices that exploded in the field of manufacturing. Despite a 10-year age difference, they fell in love and were married on July 11, 1877. [60] His father helped him set up his private practice by contacting Gardiner Greene Hubbard, the president of the Clarke School for the Deaf for a recommendation. When Bell said that he did not have the necessary knowledge, Henry replied, "Get it!" These included 14 for the telephone and telegraph, four for the photophone, one for the phonograph, five for aerial vehicles, four for "hydroairplanes", and two for selenium cells. But Thomas Alva Edison coined the greeting. Learn how Alexander Graham Bell went to revolutionize telegraphy but instead invented the telephone. [189][203][204][205][206][207] Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas, fils. Finally, in 1877, Alexander Graham Bell and his business partners established the Bell Telephone Company and began manufacturing the device. Under the direction of the Boston architects. [103] Influential visitors to the exhibition included Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Bells proximity to the hearing impaired informed his work in sound science. In Bells luggage was his new communication device, the telephone. (1870's)National Museums Scotland. The decibel is defined as one tenth of a bel. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. His father published a variety of works on the subject, several of which are still well known, especially his The Standard Elocutionist (1860),[21] which appeared in Edinburgh in 1868. Alexander made the telephone in 1876. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. [16][N 4] For his 11th birthday, his father acquiesced and allowed him to adopt the name "Graham", chosen out of respect for Alexander Graham, a Canadian being treated by his father who had become a family friend. His mother and his wife were both deaf, and he was devoted to the cause of helping the deaf community. This depth of knowledge made Alexander Graham Bell one of the greatest inventors of all time. [106] She later asked to buy the equipment that was used, but Bell offered to make "a set of telephones" specifically for her. Alexander passed the entrance examinations for University College London in June 1868 and matriculated there in the autumn. By that time, Bell had developed a growing interest in the technology of sound recording and playback. He told Bell that his claim for the variable resistance feature was also described in Gray's caveat. This kind of intellectual curiosity foreshadowed Alexander Graham Bells telephone invention in 1876, among many others. [113] The Bell company lawyers successfully fought off myriad lawsuits generated initially around the challenges by Elisha Gray and Amos Dolbear. He also later remarked: "I thought that Helmholtz had done it and that my failure was due only to my ignorance of electricity. [197] During his life, he also received dozens of major awards, medals, and other tributes. He could decipher Visible Speech representing virtually every language, including Latin, Scottish Gaelic, and even Sanskrit, accurately reciting written tracts without any prior knowledge of their pronunciation. The telegraph was already in widespread commercial use, and Alexander Graham Bells telephone invention was still just a great idea. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society[11] and its magazine while serving as the second president from January 7, 1898, until 1903. "[37][38][39][N 5]. While pursuing his teaching profession, Bell also began researching methods to transmit several telegraph messages simultaneously over a single wirea major focus of telegraph innovation at the time and one that ultimately led to Bells invention of the telephone. The Bell Telephone Company quickly established a commercial infrastructure that could support the booming demand. On September 9, 1919, the HD-4 set a world marine speed record of 70.86 miles per hour (114.04 kilometres per hour),[164] a record which stood for ten years. Until Now", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&oldid=1138226265, Marian Hubbard Bell (18801962) who was referred to as "Daisy". On June 2, 1875, Watson accidentally plucked one of the reeds and Bell, at the receiving end of the wire, heard the overtones of the reed; overtones that would be necessary for transmitting speech. The Standard Elocutionist appeared in 168 British editions and sold over a quarter of a million copies in the United States alone. [52][N 8] He continued his interest in the study of the human voice and when he discovered the Six Nations Reserve across the river at Onondaga, he learned the Mohawk language and translated its unwritten vocabulary into Visible Speech symbols. The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorative 1 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. With no formal training, he mastered the piano and became the family's pianist. Mabel had become deaf at age five as a result of a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever. [14] His father was Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician, and his mother was Eliza Grace Bell (ne Symonds). Alexander Graham Bell Invented the Photophone. Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born scientist and inventor best known for inventing the first working telephone in . There is considerable debate about who arrived first and Gray later challenged the primacy of Bell's patent. He came up with the idea of sending tones on a wire with a device similar to a tuning fork, a sensation that got him funding from wealthy supporters. A wealthy lawyer and politician, Hubbard was supporting Bells experiments financially but would not let him marry his daughter, Mabel, until he had perfected his invention! In 1873 British scientist Willoughby Smith discovered that the element selenium, a semiconductor, varied its electrical resistance with the intensity of incident light. However, you may not know that the man who invented the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) had another invention that used light to transmit sound. But it wasnt until the electric telegraph came about in the 1840s that the foundations of modern communication were laid. Helping his father in Visible Speech demonstrations and lectures brought Bell to Susanna E. Hull's private school for the deaf in South Kensington, London. But his knowledge of sound and the human voice gave him a unique perspective as an inventor. [182] Other members of the board included Luther Burbank, Roswell H. Johnson, Vernon L. Kellogg, and William E. [148], Until the end of his life, Bell and his family would alternate between the two homes, but Beinn Bhreagh would, over the next 30 years, become more than a summer home as Bell became so absorbed in his experiments that his annual stays lengthened. In the bedroom, his assistant Watson waited with a reed receiver pressed against his ear. [167] The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men: American Glenn H. Curtiss, a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title "world's fastest man", having ridden his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time, and who was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere, and who later became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer; Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, an official observer from the U.S. Federal government and one of the few people in the army who believed that aviation was the future; Frederick W. Baldwin, the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport, New York; and J. [59] Returning to Boston in fall 1873, Bell made a far-reaching decision to concentrate on his experiments in sound. Upon obtaining a duplicate, the mattress was found to consist of a sort of net of woven steel wires, with large meshes. In addition, Gray abandoned his caveat, and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Although Alexander Graham Bell is best remembered as the inventor of the telephone, he invented other devices too. Elisha Gray, 1876, designed a telephone using a water microphone in Highland Park, Illinois. In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell and Tainter developed a device they called the "photophone," which transmitted sound on a beam of light. He made a telephone call via telegraph wires and faint voices were heard replying. Thus, by the mid-1880s his role in the telephone industry was marginal. They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder, the hard disc and floppy disc drive, and other magnetic media. Some had doubted Alexander Graham Bells idea in the beginning. [61][62] While he was working as a private tutor, one of his pupils was Helen Keller, who came to him as a young child unable to see, hear, or speak. He was an enthusiastic boater, and Bell and his family sailed or rowed a long series of vessels on Bras d'Or Lake, ordering additional vessels from the H.W. With a change in administration and charges of conflict of interest (on both sides) arising from the original trial, the US Attorney General dropped the lawsuit on November 30, 1897, leaving several issues undecided on the merits. [99] During that conversation, Bell was on Kilby Street in Boston and Watson was at the offices of the Walworth Manufacturing Company. History Through Deaf Eyes - The Influence of Alexander Graham Bell. Omissions? The telegraph was one of the most important inventions of its time. Sensing potential, he. [54] He also modified a melodeon (a type of pump organ) so that it could transmit its music electrically over a distance. Remarkably, he only worked on his invention because he misunderstood a technical work he had read in German. A group of investors led by Gardiner Hubbard wanted to establish a federally chartered telegraph company to compete with Western Union by contracting with the Post Office to send low-cost telegrams. Corrections? [20] In return, Ben's father John Herdman gave both boys the run of a small workshop in which to "invent".[20]. From harmonic telegraphs transmitting musical tones, it was a short conceptual step for both Bell and Gray to transmit the human voice. However, Antonio Meucci also developed a talking telegraph, called. [63] In 1893, Keller performed the sod-breaking ceremony for the construction of Bell's new Volta Bureau, dedicated to "the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf".[64][65]. In November 1920, Bell returned to Edinburgh for a visit. The elder Bell took great efforts to have his young pupil learn to speak clearly and with conviction, the attributes that his pupil would need to become a teacher himself. In later years, Bell described the invention of the telephone and linked it to his "dreaming place". Steve Jobs, left, and Alexander Graham Bell. Bell denied in an affidavit that he ever gave Wilber any money. The monument depicts mankind's ability to span the globe through telecommunications; The Alexander Graham Bell Museum (opened in 1956), part of the, This page was last edited on 8 February 2023, at 16:50. In 2006, Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Model of larynx (1860)National Museums Scotland. A top speed of 54 miles per hour (87km/h) was achieved, with the hydrofoil exhibiting rapid acceleration, good stability, and steering, along with the ability to take waves without difficulty. Although Bell did not present any research or speak as part of the proceedings, he was named as honorary president as a means to attract other scientists to attend the event. Their final aircraft design, the Silver Dart, embodied all of the advancements found in the earlier machines. His primary source of income was from his work as an elocution expert. Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector through the use of an induction balance, after the shooting of U.S. President James A. Garfield in 1881. Alexander Graham Bell's role as a teacher for deaf individuals and the presence of his deaf wife and mother inspired him to develop his electrical speech machine, or telephone. [130] Shortly thereafter, the newlyweds embarked on a year-long honeymoon in Europe. inventor Elisha Gray of Highland Park, Illinois, filed his own idea for a telephone device at the same office.Bell was granted the patent on 7 March 1876, just three days before his first successful transmission. After setting up his workshop, Bell continued experiments based on Helmholtz's work with electricity and sound. In a footnote, Bell adds, "The death of President Garfield and the subsequent post-mortem examination, however, proved that the bullet was at too great a distance from the surface to have affected our apparatus."[161]. :[223], After Bell's death his wife Mabel wrote to. Bell sought to use this property to develop the photophone, an invention he regarded as at least equal to his telephone. [47] The Bell family soon purchased a farm of 10.5 acres (4.2ha) at Tutelo Heights (now called Tutela Heights), near Brantford, Ontario. One of the judges at the Exhibition, Sir William Thomson (later, Lord Kelvin), a renowned Scottish scientist, described the telephone as "the greatest by far of all the marvels of the electric telegraph". This made the telephone practical for longer distances, and it was no longer necessary to shout to be heard at the receiving telephone. From his early years, Bell showed a sensitive nature and a talent for art, poetry, and music that was encouraged by his mother. However, a chance meeting in 1874 between Bell and Thomas A. Watson, an experienced electrical designer and mechanic at the electrical machine shop of Charles Williams, changed all that. Bell patented his telephone first and later emerged the victor in a legal dispute with Gray. The clerk seemed to admit as much in a later court case, but Bells patent was upheld, as it was in the many cases which followed. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. It will ever be a source of pride to our country that the great invention, with which his name is immortally associated, is a part of its history. [93], The patent examiner, Zenas Fisk Wilber, later stated in an affidavit that he was an alcoholic who was much in debt to Bell's lawyer, Marcellus Bailey, with whom he had served in the Civil War. He continued his research in sound and endeavored to find a way to transmit musical notes and articulate speech, but although absorbed by his experiments, he found it difficult to devote enough time to experimentation. [N 2] Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study. In fact, Bell's innovation completely disrupted the norm of communications. Reluctantly, Bell also had to conclude a relationship with Marie Eccleston, who, as he had surmised, was not prepared to leave England with him. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In 1886, in the first of three cases in which he was involved,[N 15] Meucci took the stand as a witness in the hope of establishing his invention's priority. He was the inventor of the hydrofoil boat, a man-carrying kite, the aileron, a moveable part of an airplane wing that helps control rolling, and the landing/take-off airplane tricycle gear. Bell's patent covered "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound"[86][N 14] Bell returned to Boston the same day and the next day resumed work, drawing in his notebook a diagram similar to that in Gray's patent caveat. [147][N 19] Bell also built the Bell Boatyard on the estate, employing up to 40 people building experimental craft as well as wartime lifeboats and workboats for the Royal Canadian Navy and pleasure craft for the Bell family. He had two brothers: Melville James Bell (18451870) and Edward Charles Bell (18481867), both of whom would die of tuberculosis. He continued his experiments even after Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first successful powered, controlled flight in 1903. Most Americans know Alexander Graham Bell as an inventor of the telephone. On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance, from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington, D.C., to Bell at the window of his laboratory, some 700 feet (213m) away, 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions.[153][154][155][156]. [127] The establishment of the International Bell Telephone Company in Brussels, Belgium in 1880, as well as a series of agreements in other countries eventually consolidated a global telephone operation. Moving to Hammondsport, the group then designed and built the Red Wing, framed in bamboo and covered in red silk and powered by a small air-cooled engine. Bell continued to work with his invention after he formed Bell Telephone Co on July 9, 1877. Bell's success came . That same morning, Bell's lawyer filed Bell's application with the patent office. [34] Ellis immediately wrote back indicating that the experiments were similar to existing work in Germany, and also lent Bell a copy of Hermann von Helmholtz's work, The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music. Having lost her hearing after a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever close to her fifth birthday,[74][75][N 11] she had learned to read lips but her father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell's benefactor and personal friend, wanted her to work directly with her teacher. Portrait of Alexander Graham Bell (1915)LIFE Photo Collection. Many of the lawsuits became rancorous, with Elisha Gray becoming particularly bitter over Bell's ascendancy in the telephone debate, but Bell refused to launch a countersuit for libel. He also criticized educational practices that segregated deaf children rather than integrated them fulling into mainstream classrooms. These were the first publicly witnessed long-distance telephone calls in the UK. This led him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft. On February 23, 1909, Bell was present as the Silver Dart flown by J. Author of. He wanted to use this to help teach deaf people, who had never heard spoken words, to speak. It was invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell. The next step would be to find investors. Bell thought it might be possible to generate undulating electrical currents that corresponded to sound waves. 1 2 The Alexander Graham Bell Memorial Park, which features a broad neoclassical monument built in 1917 by public subscription. However, the AEA had depleted its initial reserves and only a $15,000 grant from Mrs. Bell allowed it to continue with experiments. The pair demonstrated the probe in the autumn of 1881. Alexander Graham Bell was particularly interested in developing technology to assist the deaf community. Dr. Bell, the veteran inventor of the telephone, was in New York, and Mr. Watson, his former associate, was on the other side of the continent. "[180], Historians have noted that Bell explicitly opposed laws regulating marriage, and never mentioned sterilization in any of his writings. Based on information gained from that article, he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat. If I had been able to read German in those days, I might never have commenced my experiments! But could Bell truly lay claim to inventing the telephone? Acting decisively, Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell to arrange for the sale of all the family property,[42][N 6] conclude all of his brother's affairs (Bell took over his last student, curing a pronounced lisp),[43] and join his father and mother in setting out for the "New World". [24], As a young child, Bell, like his brothers, received his early schooling at home from his father. Bell engineered the first intelligible electronic transmission of voice and patented the. [160] Garfield's surgeons, led by self-appointed chief physician Doctor Willard Bliss, were skeptical of the device, and ignored Bell's requests to move the President to a bed not fitted with metal springs. Yesterday afternoon [on January 25, 1915], the same two men talked by telephone to each other over a 3,400-mile wire between New York and San Francisco. A number of historic sites and other marks commemorate Bell in North America and Europe, including the first telephone companies in the United States and Canada. In August of that year, he was on the receiving end of the first one-way long-distance call, transmitted from Brantford to nearby Paris, Ontario, over a telegraph wire. [104], On January 14, 1878, at Osborne House, on the Isle of Wight, Bell demonstrated the device to Queen Victoria,[105] placing calls to Cowes, Southampton and London. The result was a contraption that he dubbed the ear phonautograph. A person could speak into the machine, and a pen attached to a membrane would react by tracing a line.